1 | P2P Carpooling Using Blockchain Technology

ADA University

School of Information Technology and Engineering

Senior Design Project

FINAL REPORT

Project title: “P2P Carpooling Using Blockchain Technology”

Authors:

1. [CS] Gulnara Huseynova

2. [CS] Zulfiyya Aliyeva

3. [CS] Jigme Namgyal

Project Advisor: Mr. Emin Alasgarov

Baku – 2024

2 | P2P Carpooling Using Blockchain Technology

Table of Contents

Abstract............................................................................................................................................6

1.0 Introduction..................................................................................................................................6

1.1 Definition ...............................................................................................................................6

1.2 Purpose .................................................................................................................................6

1.3 Project Objectives .................................................................................................................6

1.4 Significance............................................................................................................................6

1.5 Similar Systems and Novelty ................................................................................................7

1.5.1 Existing application in carpooling ...........................................................................7

1.6 Problem statement...................................................................................................................9

2.0 Literature review ...................................................................................................................9

3.0 Design Concept ..........................................................................................................................10

3.1 Alternative Solutions/Approaches/Technologies..................................................................10

3.2 Detailed description of Solutions/Approaches/Technologies of choice ................................10

3.3 Research Methodologies and Techniques............................................................................11

3.4 Social and Environmental impact .......................................................................................11

3.5 Architecture, Model, Diagram Description..........................................................................12

4.0 Implementation .......................................................................................................................20

4.1 Hardware Design.................................................................................................................20

4.2 Software Design..................................................................................................................20

4.3 Essential Components of Project ......................................................................................22

4.4 Timeline of Gantt-chart ...................................................................................................22

4.5 Testing/Verification/ Validation of results ....................................................................23

5.0 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................23

5.1 Discussion of result .........................................................................................................23

5.2 Future Work ......................................................................................................................24

References ...................................................................................................................................25

Project Advisor ............................................................................................................................27

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List of Figures

No Figure Caption Page

1 BlaBlaCar 7

2 Didi 7

3 waze 7

4 ViaVan 7

5 OLASHARE 8

6 GoMore 8

7 La’Zooz 8

8 U.S. Census commuting by automobile: 1980 to 2016 9

9 How Blockchain Works 10

10 Use Case Diagram 17

11 ERD Diagram 18

12 Sequential Diagram 19

13 Software architecture flow 19

14 Registration part for riders 20

15 Continuity of registration part 20

16 Confirming registration 21

17 Carpools 21

18 Searching route 21

19 Joining trip and searching for driver 21

20 Looking at time 22

21 Joining trip 22

List of Tables

No Figure Caption Page

1 External Actors 11

2 Register User Account 12

3 Request Ride 13

4 Confirm Ride 14

5 View Ride Request 14

6 Accept/Decline Ride Request 15

7 Manage Carpool 15

8 Managing Users 16

9 Design, Testing, and Implementation phases (Gantt’s chart) 22

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List of Abbreviations

Abbreviation Explanation

API Application Programming Interface

P2P Peer-to-Peer

BRC-20 BitcoinRequest for Comment 20

BC Blockchain

SC Smart Contract

SAT Short for Satoshis, the smallest unit of Bitcoin (BTC)

BRC-20 Bitcoin Request for Comment

6 | P2P Carpooling Using Blockchain Technology

ABSTRACT

Our project aims to revolutionize the carpooling

industry by introducing a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) carpooling

system utilizing blockchain technology through a Telegram

bot. This innovative platform provides a decentralized,

secure, and transparent environment for direct connections

between drivers and riders. By leveraging blockchain

technology, we ensure the security and privacy of users'

sensitive data, eliminating the need for intermediaries in

data collection. Additionally, we enhance flexibility and

accessibility by introducing various payment methods,

including cryptocurrency. Integration with the Telegram

API (Application Programming Interfaces) simplifies user

engagement, breaking down barriers and making

participation seamless. Through these advancements, our

goal is to give carpooling a fresh makeover, offering a

secure, convenient, and user-friendly solution to address

contemporary transportation challenges.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Definition

Carpooling, hailed as an economical and environmentally friendly form of transportation, is at the forefront of contemporary mobility solutions. This method of traveling in groups enables people to share rides to shared locations, which promotes both financial and environmental benefits. There are diverse types of carpooling depending on their usage purpose. The types are family pools (fampools), co-worker carpooling between employees, casual carpooling without using technology, and carpooling over internet. Family pools differ from normal carpools since they involve members of the same family. Co-worker carpooling is a collection of people who work at the same place and use the same car to go work and return to their home. Casual carpooling is the one used by everyone without naming it even carpooling. The last one, which is carpooling over the internet is a new one, which entered people's life with wide use of internet.

1.2 Purpose

Traditional carpooling systems encounter numerous challenges despite their potential. These include security concerns, issues with identity verification, unfair payment practices, privacy vulnerabilities regarding data handling, a suboptimal matching algorithm, and limited flexibility.

Acknowledging these challenges, our first goal aims to transform the carpooling environment by using state-of-the-art te

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technology with smart contracts via the Telegram API stemmed from extensive research and analysis of existing projects utilizing similar frameworks (Imbugwa et al., 2020). By leveraging Ethereum technology and smart contracts, we aim to address the paramount concern of security by ensuring that users' data remains secure without being susceptible to third-party collection. Additionally, to enhance accessibility and user-friendliness, we opted for the Telegram API, a widely recognized and utilized platform in today's digital landscape. In our project planning phase, we intentionally designed the system to cater not only to local users but also to international travelers. To facilitate seamless payments for both tourists and locals, we chose to create our own currency utilizing ERC-20 tokens, thereby enabling effortless transactions for all users. While there are numerous carpooling systems globally, our distinctive approach lies in our commitment to establishing a decentralized system. Our research on existing carpooling platforms, such as BlaBlaCar, Didi Chuxing, and Waze Carpool, has enabled us to identify key differentiators and refine our project accordingly. Through our endeavor, we aim to provide a decentralized carpooling solution that sets new standards for security, convenience, and sustainability in the transportation sector.

1.5.1 Existing appllication in carpooling

In our project, we drew inspiration from similar systems like BlaBlaCar, Didi Chuxing, and Waze Carpool, recognizing their role in the transportation sector.

Figure 1. BlaBlaCar

BlaBlaCar is the world's biggest carpooling system, with more than 26 million active users in 21 countries. There are some differences between our project and BlaBlaCar. Firstly, our main goal is to use Ethereum technology with smart contracts to realize a P2P system, while BlaBlaCar uses a centralized platform. Also, we are planning to create our currency using Ethereum and ERC-20 tokens as an underlying technology and currency, whereas BlaBlaCar uses various payment methods, such as credit cards, Google Pay, and cash.

Figure 2. Didi

Didi Chuxing is a mobile transportation company with offices in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Russia. It provides ride-hailing, delivery, and bike-sharing services

and has purchased competitors such as Uber China and Kuaidi Dache. According to Ciaccia (2022), it earned $23.2 billion (about $71 per person in the US) in 26 rounds of funding and went public in 2022 on the NYSE. The difference between our project and Didi Chuxing is that it is centralized and decentralized.

Didi Chuxing is a centralized company. It uses different payment forms than ours, such as AliPay, WeChatPay, and credit cards. Also, it offers bike-sharing, including private cars, car rentals, buses, and chauffeur services (Ciaccia, 2022b). In addition, DiDi employs artificial intelligence (AI) to improve its safety and security features, such as driver verification, facial recognition, risk prediction, and emergency response. DiDi also employs artificial intelligence to monitor driver behavior and provide feedback and incentives in order to improve driving quality and safety (Ciaccia, 2022b).

Figure 3. waze

Waze Carpool is a carpooling system that uses a well-known navigation app and offers real-time traffic updates and route optimization. Waze Carpool, like our project, encourages people to share rides to reduce traffic congestion, carbon emissions, and commuting costs (Helling, 2023). As in previous examples, Waze Carpool does not use blockchain technology either, but it uses the Waze system (a real-time navigation app), while we are planning to use Google Maps. Unlike us, it does not have its own currency and uses different payment methods, such as credit cards, Google Pay, and PayPal.

Figure 4. ViaVan

ViaVan is a ridesharing service operating globally, providing carpooling solutions to alleviate congestion and offer economical transportation alternatives. Established in 2017, it emerged from a collaboration between Via, a tech firm specializing in on-demand transit, and Mercedes-Benz Vans. The service has expanded to multiple European cities like London, Amsterdam, Berlin, and Helsinki.

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Figure 5. OLASHARE

Ola Share is a carpooling service offered by Ola, an Indian transportation network company. Launched in 2015, Ola Share enables passengers heading in the same direction to share a ride and split the cost, reducing congestion, and promoting sustainability. It operates primarily in urban areas across India, providing an affordable and convenient alternative to traditional transportation options. Users can book Ola Share rides through the Ola mobile app, which offers various payment methods, including cash, credit/debit cards, and mobile wallets. Ola Share has gained popularity among commuters seeking cost-effective and environmentally friendly travel solutions in congested urban areas.

Figure 6. GoMore

GoMore is a carpooling platform operating primarily in Europe. Founded in 2005, it facilitates ride sharing and vehicle rental services, connecting drivers with empty seats to passengers traveling in the same direction. GoMore aims to reduce traffic congestion, lower transportation costs, and promote sustainable travel options. Users can book rides or offer seats through the GoMore website or mobile app, with payment typically made through the platform. By leveraging technology to optimize travel routes and match users efficiently, GoMore provides a convenient and eco-friendly alternative to traditional transportation methods in Europe

In terms of security, GoMore employs various measures to ensure the safety of its users. This includes identity verification for drivers and passengers, user ratings and reviews, and a dedicated support team to handle any issues or concerns that may arise during ride-sharing transactions.

For payments, GoMore typically offers secure and convenient options for transactions. Users can make payments through the platform using methods such as credit/debit cards, mobile wallets, or other electronic payment systems. By facilitating cashless transactions, GoMore streamlines the payment process and provides [unreadable]

Figure 7. La'Zooz

La'Zooz is a pioneering decentralized ridesharing platform that harnesses the power of blockchain technology, particularly Ethereum-based smart contracts, to revolutionize the transportation industry. By operating on its native blockchain network, La'Zooz ensures a secure, transparent, and efficient environment for users to share rides seamlessly. Through smart contracts, La'Zooz automates key processes such as ride matching, payment processing, and reward distribution, eliminating the need for intermediaries and enhancing overall reliability. The platform's token economy incentivizes active participation in carpooling, fostering a sense of community ownership and engagement while promoting sustainable transportation practices. La'Zooz's innovative approach not only encourages carpooling to reduce traffic congestion and resource consumption, but also represents a change in basic assumptions towards decentralized alternatives to traditional transportation services.

1.6 Problem statement

Many obstacles face traditional carpooling systems, such as identity verification problems, unfair payment practices, privacy vulnerabilities, and restricted flexibility.

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seamless and user-friendly interface for ridesharing, booking, and ride discovery.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

According to MIT (2010), the first ridesharing or carpooling project was founded in 1974, since 1973-74 were characterized by the oil crisis and for decreasing oil usage, they decided to motivate people to use carpooling. Jef Cozza mentioned in the “The History of Carpooling, from Jitneys to Ridesharing” article that, by 1980 23.5% Americans were using carpooling, but after decreasing oil and gas prices, by 2011 the number decreased to 11%. (Cozza 2012) However, people started to focus on environmental situations, because of hot summers and record-high temperatures of 1988 Senate Hearing on global warming. (Geels, 2015) After evaluating the sharing economy's potential from an environmental standpoint, Lahti and Selosmaa (2013) concluded that it is a practical means of reducing environmental damage without lowering living standards. Based on “The Benefits of Carpooling” article, carpooling offers various societal advantages, including decreased travel distances by vehicles, lower fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions, mitigated air pollution effects on vulnerable communities, and financial savings for public entities and employers. (Shaheen, Cohen, Bayen., 2018) For example, carpooling reduces traffic congestion and saves 450,000 to 900,000 gallons (about 34068969 L) of gasoline annually in the San Francisco Bay Area, according to “Estimating the Energy Consumption Impact of Casual Carpooling.” article (Minett and Pearce, 2011). According to Roger Plum and Jerry Edwards’ “Carpooling: an overview with annotated bibliography” article, 35 percent of all transportations are traveled in United States are by automobiles and 75 percent contain only one person, who is a driver. (Muekle, 1975) Taking into consideration that this data is very old, it can be observed that today’s situation is much worse than given data. It is also realized that, not 24 hours there are a traffic jam, just special hours, which are start and end of working hours are rush hours. As shown in Figure 8, the number of carpoolers decreased 19.7 percent to 9 percent from 1980 to 2016. Thus, there should be some actions taken for motivating people to carpool. There can be done administrative, financial, local & regional, state & federal support strategies:

supplying resources for planning commutes and matching or referral services to assist workers in finding local people with similar schedules, among other tools that facilitate the process of finding a match; (Shaheen, Cohen etc., 2018);

parking cash out schemes, in which an employer gives workers the choice to take taxable compensation in favor of a complimentary or reduced parking space at work. (Shoup,1997b);

Performance-based contracts, which enable contractors to obtain performance bonuses for demonstrable reductions in traffic or VMT, could be used by state and federal authorities. (Lew Pratsch, unpublished paper, 2017)

An employee's commuting costs may be partially covered by their employer, and they may withdraw an additional sum pre-tax based on necessity. (Internal Revenue Service, 2018)

Figure 8. U.S. Census commuting by automobile: 1980 to 2016

[image]

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2016

While planning to create a carpooling company, another major point was to make it secure, and for this reason we decided to use Blockchain technology. According to “Peer to Peer Carpooling Using Blockchain” article, Blockchain is introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto's 2008 cryptocurrency Bitcoin (“Peer to Peer Carpooling Using Blockchain,” 2023). In Simanta Shekhar Sarmah's article about understanding Blockchain technology article, working mechanism of blockchain is shown on the Figure 9. Also, it is mentioned in the article that, after applying Blockchain's peer-to-peer connection, it is more successful to prevent fraud processes of the network. (Understanding Blockchain Technology, 2017) In the “Understanding Blockchain Technology” article, it is mentioned that by 2020, a number of other industries, including retail, health, pharmaceutical, travel, and transportation, will also begin to heavily rely on blockchain technology in their respective fields. (Simanta Shekhar Sarmah, 2017)

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Figure 9. How Blockchain works

1. A wants to send money to B

2. The transaction is represented as a “Block”

3. The Block is broadcast to every part of the network

4. Those in the network approve the transaction is valid

5. The Block can be added to the chain that provides transparent record of transactions

6. The money moves from A to B

Blockchain technology is not only useful on the security purposes, as adding smart contracts such as bitcoin smart contract, the technology helps to prevent payment issues. As explained by “How Blockchain is revolutionizing the world of transportation and logistics [Infographic]” article, in the transportation sector, payment issues hold up $140 billion every single day. (Dpadmin, 2024)

The role of digital technologies in our economy and society has grown significantly. Many industries use technology to streamline processes, increase productivity, and ensure seamless operation.

Technology-driven ride-sharing services have become increasingly popular, and this is one noteworthy example. These services are revolutionizing people's commutes by emerging as a practical and affordable substitute for traditional taxi services.

With estimates showing a compound annual growth rate of 16.9% between 2022 and 2030, this market is expected to continue its rapid evolution and expansion.

Since 2010, nearly $100 billion in investments have been made in ride-sharing service companies (Biegon, 2023)

In the market place, there are so many existing companies that are using smart contract and are satisfied with them.

One of the first startups to use smart contract applications is ShipChain. It is a logistic industry, and all pertinent supply chain data is stored in an unchangeable blockchain-based database that, when certain requirements are satisfied (as soon as the driver communicates confirmation of a successful delivery, for example), can carry out smart contracts.

3.0 DESIGN CONCEPT

3.1 Alternative Solutions/ Approaches/ Technologies

Our initiative incorporates cutting- edge concepts shown by systems like BlaBlaCar and RideBoom, which combine peer-to-peer (P2P) carpooling platforms with blockchain technology, to investigate alternate solutions for contemporary transportation difficulties. Though we take inspiration from existing platforms, our idea stands out because it prioritizes improved security, open transactions, and a smooth user experience. Issues like carbon emissions, gridlock in the streets, and wasteful use of resources are problems that traditional transportation methods frequently face. Our project intends to improve ridesharing and commuting by taking cues from these systems, utilizing blockchain's transparent and safe transactional capabilities (as demonstrated in the Arcade City scenario), and the smooth communication provided by the Telegram API. This method fosters user confidence and accountability while also improving the security and dependability of carpooling arrangements. Our platform also encourages participation by integrating cryptocurrency payments, promoting sustainable commuting behaviors and lowering dependency on single- occupancy vehicles. It was inspired by successful implementations such as La'Zooz and Chasyr. Our initiative aims to offer a workable substitute for conventional transportation ways by investigating and utilizing cutting-edge technologies like blockchain and the Telegram API, as shown by current systems like PoolTogether and Cryptify. Our initiative seeks to build on the achievements of these innovative platforms by tackling critical issues with current systems and promoting a more effective, fair, and ecologically responsible mobility ecology.

3.2 Detailed description of Solutions/ Approaches/ Technologies of choice

This section explores the feasibility and detailed strategies for implementing a blockchain-based carpooling system using the Bitcoin network. The goal is to leverage blockchain technology to create a decentralized, secure, and efficient platform where users can safely arrange carpools without the need for central authority. This report will cover technological choices, including the use of the Bitcoin blockchain, smart contracts, and potential software solutions.

Blockchain Technology

- Bitcoin Blockchain: The choice of the Bitcoin network is pivotal due to its robust security features and widespread adoption. While originally designed for financial transactions, the Bitcoin blockchain can be adapted for non-financial uses through the implementation of additional layers and protocols that can handle more complex interactions required by a carpooling service.

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as it is the first and the most secure as it uses proof of work consensus algorithm.

OP_RETURN Feature: This opcode in Bitcoin’s scripting language allows for a small amount of arbitrary data to be attached to transactions, potentially to include references to carpooling deals or user ratings. We plan to inscribe the data of transactions and related data for carpooling into bitcoin SATs with the help of BRC20 and RUNE standard. With this user’s data are more secure and decentralized.

Lightning Network: An overlay network for Bitcoin that enables faster transactions. This could be crucial for real-time billing and payments in our carpooling system. Using JRPC technology in combination with it truly makes our transactions seamless and real-time.

Smart Contracts: Although Bitcoin does not natively support complex smart contracts, the creation of carpool decentralized applications on top of Bitcoin's infrastructure was made possible through BRC 20 technology, bitcoin node and web2 infrastructure. These become our version of smart contracts that can automate various aspects of the carpooling process, such as fare calculations, penalties for cancellations, and reputation management.

Oracles: Since blockchains cannot access external data, oracles are needed to bring in off-chain data like GPS coordinates and maps for routing.

The implementation of a blockchain-based carpooling system on the Bitcoin network presents a novel approach to addressing the limitations of traditional carpooling services. Moving forward for us, it will be essential to focus on comprehensive testing and community engagement to refine the platform and encourage widespread adoption.

3.3 Research Methodologies and Techniques

Our project's research methods and approaches are intended to guarantee a complete comprehension of the target market, user requirements, and technical viability. We start by doing an extensive literature review, exploring the body of research on blockchain technology, Telegram API integration, and peer-to-peer carpooling networks. This provides the groundwork for determining the most important difficulties, effective procedures, and new developments in the industry. We then perform market research to evaluate the state of carpooling services and

3.5 Architecture, Model, Diagram Description

Table 1: External Actors

External Actor Name

ExternalActor Type

Description

Passenger

Human

Passengers who registered in the carpooling bot fortravelling somewhere.

blockchain-based applications, pinpointing rivals, target markets, and potential points of distinction. To determine whether it would be feasible to include blockchain technology and the Telegram API into our platform, a technical feasibility assessment is conducted, taking performance, security, and scalability into account. We can continuously improve the platform and ensure it meets user expectations by using prototyping, testing, and iterative development procedures in response to user feedback and test findings. To monitor progress, disseminate findings, and assist in decision-making, comprehensive documentation and reporting are kept up to date throughout the project.

3.4 Social and Environmental Impact

Both social connectedness and environmental sustainability could be greatly impacted by our proposal. Using blockchain technology and the Telegram API, we hope to encourage peer-to-peer carpooling, which will significantly lower carbon emissions and traffic congestion. According to calculations, carpooling can result in significant annual savings in CO2 emissions of up to 1.7 metric tons per vehicle. Studies have consistently demonstrated this effect. For everyone, this means healthier surroundings and cleaner air. Our software also helps users feel more connected to one another, which reduces social isolation and fortifies social ties. Studies show that social contact daily improves mental health and life satisfaction in general. Cryptocurrency payments are integrated into our product, which benefits the environment and encourages sustainable commuting practices. Traditional payment methods can entail high energy consumption and carbon emissions. Conversely, the energy requirements and carbon footprint of cryptocurrency transactions are generally lower. Studies have demonstrated that Bitcoin transactions use a great deal less energy than those conducted through traditional banking systems; estimates even point to a possible 98% reduction in carbon emissions for each transaction. This is in keeping with our overarching goal of encouraging environmentally friendly modes of transportation and creating a more sustainable future for everybody.

3.5 Architecture, Model, Diagram Description

Table 1: External Actors

External Actor Name

ExternalActor Type

Description

Passenger

Human

Passengers who registered in the carpooling bot fortravelling somewhere.

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Driver Human Drivers who share their cars with passengers through the carpooling system.

Administrator Human The administrator monitors and manages both users (passengers and drivers) over the telegram.

Use Case Descriptions

Table 2: Register User Account

Use Case Number: UC-1

Use Case Name: Register User Account

Actor(s): Passenger/Driver/Administrator

Description: The passengers/drivers creating an account in Carpooling Telegram Bot

Trigger: The user chooses to sign up for carpooling.

Pre-condition(s): Passengers/Drivers must have a Telegram account

Scenario Flow:

Main (success) Flow:

• Users choose a registration button in the Telegram Carpooling bot.

• The bot sends messages for users to write their necessary information, like name, surname, age, and so on.

• The user writes the required information and preferred role (passenger or driver).

• Given data verified by the bot.

• If it is successful, the bot creates a special ID for the user and registers the account.

• A confirmation message, including the user’s unique ID and the registration success, is sent to them.

Alternate Flows:

Alternate Flow #1:

If some information is not valid, the bot sends messages to the user to correct them.

Post Condition:

The user completes their registration and uses the Carpooling bot.

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Table 3: Request Ride

Use Case Number: UC-2

Use Case Name: Request Ride

Actor(s): Passenger

Description: The passengers request rides over the Telegram Bot

Trigger: Booking a ride

Pre-condition(s):

- Passengers enter the telegram bot “Carpooling Bot”

- Begin to register for booking ride

Scenario Flow:

Main (success) Flow:

- Opening the Telegram carpooling bot.

- Choosing the "Request Ride" option.

- The system gives suggestions to the passenger on how to enter the pickup and destination locations.

- Entering the required details.

- The system validates the locations and searches for available drivers.

- The system presents a list of available drivers with relevant information such as driver details.

- Choosing a preferred driver.

- The system notifies the selected driver about the ride request. The driver has the option to accept or decline the ride.

- If the driver accepts, the system confirms the ride to the passenger.

- The passenger receives details about the driver, estimated arrival time, and other significant information.

Alternate Flows:

Alternate Flow #1:

- If no available drivers are found, the system notifies the passenger and suggests alternative options (waiting or trying again later).

- If the selected driver declines the ride, the system goes back to the driver selection step.

Post Condition: The passenger has initiated a ride request, and the system is awaiting the driver's response.

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Table 4: Confirm Ride

Use Case Number: UC-3

Use Case Name: Confirm Ride

Actor(s): Passenger

Description: The passenger confirms a ride with a selected driver

Trigger: The passenger receives a ride confirmation from the selected driver

Precondition(s):

• The passenger has initiated a ride request.

• The selected driver has accepted the ride.

Scenario Flow: Main (success) Flow:

• The passenger receives a notification confirming the driver's acceptance of the ride.

• The passenger views details about the driver, estimated arrival time, and vehicle information.

• The passenger confirms the ride.

Alternate Flows:

Alternate Flow #1:

None

Post Condition: The passenger has confirmed the ride, and both the passenger and driver have access to each other's information for the duration of the ride.

Table 5: View Ride Requests

Use Case Number: UC-4

Use Case Name: View Ride Requests

Actor(s): Driver

Description: The driver views a ride request from a passenger who sends [unreadable]

Trigger: The driver wishes to see if there are any ride requests available.

Precondition(s): The driver has registered with the carpooling bot.

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Scenario Flow:

Main (success) Flow:

- The driver chooses the "View Ride Requests" option in the scenario flow.

- A list of requests is displayed by the system.

- The driver looks over specifics, including destination, pickup location, and passenger information.

Alternate Flows:

Alternate Flow #1:

The driver is notified by the system that there are no ride requests if there are none pending.

Post Condition:

The driver has looked over the suggested rides.

Table 6: Accept/Decline Ride Requests

Use Case Number: UC-5

Use Case Name: Accept/Decline Ride Request

Actor(s): Driver

Description: The driver chooses to answer a request for a ride.

Trigger: The driver decides “Accept” or “No”

Pre-condition(s): Looking over the available ride requests.

Scenario Flow:

Main (success) Flow:

- The driver chooses which user request to accept.

- The bot sends a notification to accept or reject passenger requests.

- The system sends a notification to the passenger if the driver accepts or rejects.

Table 7: Manage Carpool

Use Case Number: UC-6

Use Case Name: Manage Carpool

Actor(s): Administrator

Description: Controlling system configurations in Carpooling Telegram Bot

Trigger: Configuring carpooling parameters.

Pre-condition(s): Log in to the system.

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Scenario Flow:

Main (success) Flow:

• The administrator selects the "Manage Carpool" button.

• The bot sent some commands, such as (/view_carpool).

• After admin writes /view_carpool, the bot sends information such as pricing, scheduling, and payment.

Alternate Flows:

Alternate Flow #1:

If the administrator has an issue, the bot will send a message and offer an option for correcting it.

Post Condition:

The changes in the carpooling system were updated by the administrator.

Table 8: Managing Users

Use Case Number: UC-7

Use Case Name: Managing users

Actor(s): Administrator

Description: Managing user accounts, such as registration and deactivation.

Trigger: Looking at the user account in the Carpooling Telegram Bot.

Pre-condition(s): Entering the Carpool bot through Telegram.

Scenario Flow:

Main (success) Flow:

• Choosing the “manage users” button in the Telegram Carpooling bot.

• The bot sends a message that includes some commands like “/view_user_list”, “/activate_user”, “suspend_user,” and “/view_user_reports”.

• The system gives users a chance to alter already-existing user data and terminate user accounts.

Alternate Flows:

Alternate Flow #1:

If the admin wants to deactivate a user account that looks suspended but has issues now, the bot sends a message to correct them.

Post Condition:

The administrator makes changes, and those changes are reflected in the user accounts.

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Figure 10: Use Case Diagram

The diagram shows interactions between users, drivers, and administrators in a hypothetical use case scenario for a carpooling system. Drivers are able to view passenger routes and update ride information, while users can register, view ride details, and book seats. Administrators can access user management and system configurations. Arrows outline the system's functionality by showing the flow of interactions between actors and particular use cases.

[unreadable]

User

Driver

[unreadable]

Register

Search for Rides

View Driver Ride Details

Create Ride

Book a Seat

View rate of driver

Update ride details

Cancel Ride Offer

View ride Requests

Accept Passenger Request

Reject Passenger Request

View Ride History

Communicate with Passengers

User Management

System Configuration

Content Moderation

Emergency Handling

System Maintenance

Communication with users

Administrator

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Figure 11: ERD Diagram to show the backend architecture.

The Entity-Relationship diagram (ERD) for the backend of the carpooling system encompasses key entities such as "User," "Profile," "Address," "Carpool Activity," "Transaction," and "Feedback". Users are linked to carpool activities, transactions, ratings, and establishing relationships that capture their involvement in various aspects of the system. Carpool activities hold details like location, date, and available seats, forming connections with both users and transactions for financial interactions. Ratings are tied to users, reflecting their engagement and feedback within the platform. This ERD provides a comprehensive visualization of the interdependencies between entities, serving as a foundational guide for structuring the backend database of the carpooling system.

[unreadable]

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Figure 12: Sequential Diagram to show the overall architecture of the carpool system.

User

CarpoolBot

Blockchain

Initiates carpool creation

Requests available carpools

Displays available carpools

Joins a carpool

Initiate payment

Creates payment request

loop

[Payment Validation]

Validates payment

Updates carpool status to "Paid,"

Records transaction

Figure 13: Software architecture flow

This flowchart illustrates how a peer-to-peer carpooling system using blockchain technology operates. It describes how the user, the CarpoolBot, and the Blockchain communicate with each other. The process of creating a carpool is initiated by the user, which causes the CarpoolBot to search for potential carpool partners. The user then chooses and signs up for a preferred carpool, starting the payment process. In this case, the user approves the payment, and the CarpoolBot creates and verifies a payment request. Until successful validation is accomplished, the payment validation loop guarantees the integrity of transactions. After verification, the carpool's status is changed to "Paid," and for security and transparency, the transaction is documented on the blockchain.

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4.0 IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Hardware design

To guarantee effective and safe operation, the hardware design for a peer-to-peer (P2P) carpooling system utilizing blockchain over Telegram needs to combine server-side and user-side components. High levels of security and dependability should be maintained while the system architecture is scalable to accommodate a big number of users and transactions.

Strong hardware infrastructure is needed at the system's server-side to host the Telegram bot and the blockchain network. This includes strong servers that can manage the computational demands of blockchain transactions and user interactions. These servers should have enough RAM, processing power, and storage capacity. To guarantee quick response times and continuous service, the servers should also have high-speed internet connectivity. Reducing downtime and guaranteeing data integrity, backup and redundancy mechanisms should also be included in the server-side hardware. The implementation of failover mechanisms, data backup systems, and redundant servers can guarantee uninterrupted operation in the event of hardware malfunction or other disruptions.

Since most interactions with the carpooling system will take place via the Telegram app on smartphones or other mobile devices, the user-side hardware requirements are comparatively low. However, to use the carpooling system and access the Telegram bot, users will need devices connected to the internet. To guarantee a flawless user experience, the Telegram bot must be made sure to be mobile-friendly.

4.2 Software design

Several essential elements are included in the software design for a peer-to-peer (P2P) carpooling system that uses blockchain over Telegram to guarantee smooth operation and a positive user experience (UX). Users can communicate with the carpooling system through the Telegram bot. The bot should be made to respond to user requests in an easy-to-use way, like posting ride offers or looking for available rides. To guarantee that only authorized users have access to the system, it should also support safe authentication and authorization procedures.

Figure 14. Registration for Riders

[unreadable]

The picture shows how to sign up for a carpooling Telegram bot. To expedite the registration process, users are directed to enter their phone number, gender, and full name using the designated commands (/full_name, /gender, /phone_number).

Figure 15: Continuity of Register Part

The picture shows extra user data being entered into a carpooling Telegram bot during the registration process. To finish their registration, users are required to provide their phone number, wallet address, email address, role (driver in this case), and home address.

21 | P2P Carpooling Using Blockchain Technology

Figure 16: Confirming registration

The picture shows the user's registration

confirmation through an OTP (one-time password)

carpooling Telegram bot. Users improve security

and authentication by receiving a unique OTP to validate their registration after supplying their

details.

Figure 18: Searching Route

The picture shows the riders searching specific

routes for his/her travel.

Figure 17: Carpools

The picture shows rider looking at all carpools.

Figure 19: Joining Trip and Searching driver

The picture shows that rider joining trip1 and searching driver.

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4.3 Essential Components of the Project

An essential part of the blockchain-based peer-to-peer (P2P) carpooling system project over at Telegram is a blockchain network that acts as a decentralized ledger for securely and transparently recording transactions. Agreements between users, like matching drivers and riders and managing payments, are automated by smart contracts. Users can post ride offers, look for available rides, and communicate with others through the Telegram bot, which serves as their interface. User identities and permissions are confirmed by secure user authentication and authorization systems. The backend system handles transaction processing, user account management, and blockchain integrity maintenance. Data security protocols safeguard user information and maintain privacy, and system scalability and performance support a high user count. The user experience is improved by an intuitive interface and payment integration with cryptocurrency wallets or other platforms. Tools for analytics and monitoring offer perceptions into how to raise user satisfaction and system efficiency.

4.4 Timeline of Gantt-chart

https://adauniversity-my.sharepoint.com/personal/zaliyeva7657_ada_edu_az/Documents/Gantt-%20Chart.xlsx?web=1

Table 9: Design, Testing, and Implementation phases

Testing, Verification, and validation are critical components of the development process for any software system, particularly for carpool projects when integrating complex technologies such as the Bitcoin blockchain and Telegram bots. This section outlines the strategies employed to ensure that the carpooling system functions correctly, securely, and meets all specified requirements.

4.5 Testing/ Verification/ Validation of results

Testing, verification, and validation are critical components of the development process for any software system, particularly for carpool projects when integrating complex technologies such as the Bitcoin blockchain and Telegram bots. This section outlines the strategies employed to ensure that the carpooling system functions correctly, securely, and meets all specified requirements.

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Objectives Functional Testing: To verify that all features of the carpooling system function as intended. Integration Testing: To ensure that the system components (Bitcoin blockchain, Telegram bot, and carpool logic) work together seamlessly. Security Testing: To validate that the system is secure against unauthorized access and potential security threats. Performance Testing: To assess the system’s performance under various loads. Usability Testing: To ensure that the Telegram bot interface is user-friendly and intuitive. Functional Testing Purpose: To check the Telegram bot’s functionality including command response, user interaction flow, and error handling. Approach: Manual testing through predefined scenarios. Performance Testing Purpose: To evaluate the system’s stability and responsiveness under various load conditions. Approach: Use load testing tools like JMeter or LoadRunner. Test blockchain transaction processing under high-frequency conditions. Usability Testing Purpose: To ascertain the ease of use of the Telegram interface for end-users. Approach: Conduct user surveys and feedback sessions after task completion. Employ A/B testing to determine the best user interface elements. Validation Techniques Code Reviews: Regularly review code for compliance with coding standards and to identify any potential security issues. Blockchain Verification: Regularly verify all blockchain transactions for authenticity and correctness using blockchain explorers. Documentation Review: Continuously update and review documentation to ensure it accurately reflects the system’s functionality and architecture. Test Reporting Bug Tracking: WE Use tools like JIRA or GitHub Issues to track and manage bugs identified during testing phases. Performance Metrics: Compile performance metrics from testing phases to identify potential bottlenecks or performance issues. Test Coverage: Use coverage tools to ensure a high percentage of the codebase is covered by tests to minimize the risk of undetected bugs. By following the outlined testing, verification, and validation strategies, we aim to build a robust and reliable carpooling platform that leverages the security of the Bitcoin blockchain and the accessibility of a Telegram bot to provide a seamless carpooling experience.

5.0 Conclusion

5.1 Discussion of results

This section can help stakeholders understand how the carpooling system performs in real-world scenarios and under simulated conditions.

5.2 Future work

Enhanced Scalability and Performance

As the user base grows, scaling the system to handle increased traffic without compromising performance will be crucial. We plan to implement more robust scalability tests and adopt scalable cloud infrastructure solutions. Additionally, optimizing blockchain

Discussion of Results Overview

Our comprehensive testing approach aimed to ensure that the carpooling system was robust, secure, and user-friendly. We conducted functional, integration, security, performance, and usability tests, employing both automated tools and manual testing techniques to cover various aspects of the system.

Functional and Integration Testing Results: The results from functional testing indicated that the Telegram bot responded accurately to commands and managed user interactions effectively. All features were verified under different scenarios to ensure they behaved as expected. Integration testing highlighted a high level of compatibility and efficient communication between the Bitcoin blockchain, Telegram bot, and the carpool logic, confirming that these components work together seamlessly without data inconsistencies.

Security and Performance Testing Results: Security tests did not reveal any vulnerabilities, indicating that the system is well-protected against unauthorized access and potential security threats. Performance testing, conducted using tools like JMeter and LoadRunner, demonstrated that the system could handle high loads and frequent blockchain transactions without significant delays or downtime. This is crucial for maintaining a smooth user experience during peak usage times.

Usability Testing Insights: Feedback from user surveys and A/B testing during usability testing provided valuable insights into user preferences and behaviors. The Telegram interface was generally found to be intuitive and easy to navigate. However, some users suggested improvements for quicker access to common features, which will be considered for future updates.

Validation Techniques and Documentation: Continuous code reviews and blockchain verification processes have ensured compliance with coding standards and to identify any potential security issues. Our documentation has been regularly updated to reflect the system's functionality accurately and has proved to be a reliable resource for both users and developers.

Challenges and Improvements: Despite the successes, we encountered challenges, such as managing the scalability of blockchain interactions and ensuring consistent performance across all user interactions. Going forward, we plan to enhance our load testing methods and explore more advanced security testing techniques to address these issues.

interactions to reduce transaction times and costs will be

a focus to ensure the system remains efficient under

varying loads.

Advanced Security Measures:

Security remains a paramount concern, especially with the integration of financial transactions via the Bitcoin blockchain. We aim to introduce more sophisticated security protocols and encryption methods. Regular security audits and the incorporation of emerging security technologies will help fortify the system against new types of cyber threats.

Improved User Experience

Based on user feedback, we will continue refining the Telegram bot interface to make it more intuitive and engaging. This includes simplifying navigation, enhancing command responsiveness, and personalizing user interactions. We also plan to explore the integration of AI-driven chatbot features to provide more dynamic and context-aware user support.

Integration of Additional Services:

To increase the utility of the carpooling platform, we are considering the integration of additional services such as real-time traffic updates, route optimization, and emergency services. These enhancements will improve the efficiency of carpool arrangements and enhance safety and user satisfaction.

Data Analytics and Machine Learning:

Leveraging data analytics and machine learning could provide significant insights into user behavior and system performance. We plan to develop predictive models to forecast carpool demands and suggest optimal carpool options. This could lead to more efficient resource utilization and a better overall user experience.

Expansion of Payment Options:

While currently utilizing the Bitcoin blockchain for transactions provides security and transparency, expanding the payment options to include other cryptocurrencies and fiat currencies could attract a broader user base. Implementing a multi-currency payment gateway would make the platform more accessible to users with different preferences.

Environmental Impact Studies:

Finally, as part of our commitment to sustainability, we will conduct studies to assess the environmental impact of our carpooling system. This research will help us understand how our service contributes to reducing carbon emissions and traffic congestion, aligning with global environmental goals.

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References

• About us - BlaBlaCar. (2023, June 26). BlaBlaCar. Retrieved from

https://blog.blablacar.com/about-us

• Biegon, C. K. (2023). Blockchain-based ride-sharing model with decentralized

governance. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/163888

• BlaBlaCar. (n.d.). GitHub. Retrieved from

https://github.com/blablacar

• BLOCKCHAIN IN LOGISTICS. (n.d.). DHL Trend Research.

https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/core/documents/pdf/glo-core-blockchain-

trend-report.pdf

• Ciaccia, C. (2022, February 15). DiDi Chuxing: the Chinese Ride-Sharing giant.

Investopedia. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/small-business/012517/didi-chuxing.asp

• DIDI Global - the world’s leader in mobility technology. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://web.didiglobal.com/

• Dpadmin. (2024, March 11). 8 Ways Blockchain is revolutionizing transportation and

logistics. Winnesota. https://www.winnesota.com/blockchain/

• Geels, F., & Penna, C. (2015). Climate change and the slow reorientation of the American car industry (1979–2012): An application and extension of the Dialectic Issue LifeCycle (DILC) model. Research Policy, 44(5).

https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1694/1/012022

• Internal Revenue Service. (2018). Employer's Tax Guide to Fringe Benefits. Publication 15-B. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved from https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p15b.pdf

• Lahti, V., & Selosmaa, J. (2013). A Fair Share. Towards a New Collaborative Economy. Atena.

• Minett, P., & Pearce, J. (2011). Estimating the Energy Consumption Impact of Casual

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• Carpooling. Energies, 4(12), 126–139.

• MIT. (2010). Real-time rideshare research. Retrieved from

https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOld=7869049&fileOld=8053307

• Peer to Peer Carpooling Using Blockchain. (2023). JOURNAL OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIVE RESEARCH (JETIR), 10(5), ISSN-2349-5162.

https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2305980.pdf

• Shoup, D. (1997). Parking Cash Out. University of California: Los Angeles. Retrieved from http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/Parking%20Cash%20Out%20Report.pdf

• Solaiman, E., Wike, T., & Sfyrakis, I. (2020). Implementation and evaluation of smart contracts using a hybrid on- and off-blockchain architecture. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.5811

• Twesige, R. L. (2015). Bitcoin: A simple explanation of Bitcoin and Blockchain technology. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1385.2486

• Understanding Blockchain Technology. (2017). Retrieved April 29, 2024, from

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60715489/Understanding_Blockchain_Technology.pdf?Expires=1714396876&Signature=PU6Zl7A-VPuRyISqxEOecfpiB3E2H0UjHqQ7Rtu xxAqt2Z0QCbzJce~eXnOH~g-hOVmK3Q02XEf-xd...

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Students should not write in the section below:

Project Advisor:

Project Advisor’s comments on Progress Report:

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Recommendation:

Passed Failed

Project Advisor: ____________

Signature & Date ______ / ______ /2024

SDP Coordinator:

Approved __________

SDP Coordinator .... / .... /2024

Conditional Approval: Recommended Revision:

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Disapproved:

________________________________________________________________________________

Reason for Disapproval:

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

28 | P2P Carpooling Using Blockchain Technology

APPENDIX B – SDP II – Final Presentation Readiness Form by Advisor

must be submitted a minimum of one weeks prior to the presentation date

Project Title ______ P2P Carpooling over the Blockchain Technology

Project Advisor ______ Emin Alasgarov

Readiness Checklist:

Prototype / Simulation Model / etc. [x] Approved

Signed Emin E. Alasgarov

Comments __________

Final Report [ ] Approved

Signed Emin E. Alasgarov

Comments __________

Final Presentation Slides [x] Approved

Signed Emin E. Alasgarov

Comments __________

Project Website [ ] Approved

Signed ________

Comments __________

Github Repository (if applicable) [x] Approved

Signed Emin E. Alasgarov

Comments __________

Scientific Paper (if applicable) [ ] Approved

Signed ________

Comments __________

Advisor’s Written Evaluation/Review:

Approved – All requirements for Senior Design Project has been met by team and it was allowed to go forward with Final Presentation.

School of Information Technologies

and Engineering (SITE)

□ Conditionally Approved – Recommended Revision:

□ Disapproved – Team is not allowed to go forward with Final Presentation. Reason for Disapproval:

Project Advisor Signature [unreadable] Date 30.04.24

Do not write in the section below:

□ Approved

□ Conditionally Approved

□ Disapproved

SDP Coordinator Signature Date

Comments (mandatory in case of “Conditionally Approved” and “Disapproved”):

School of Information Technologies

and Engineering (SITE)

APPENDIX C – SDP II – Final Presentation Readiness Form by Mentor

must be submitted a minimum of one weeks prior to the presentation date

Project Title __________ P2P Carpooling over the Blockchain Technology

Project Industry Mentor __________ Emin Alasgarov

Readiness Checklist:

Prototype / Simulation Model / etc. [x] Approved

Comments ______________________

Final Report [x] Approved

Comments ______________________

Industry Mentor’s Written Evaluation/Review:

☑ Approved – All requirements for Senior Design Project has been met by team and it was allowed to go forward with Final Presentation.

□ Conditionally Approved – Recommended Revision:

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

School of Information Technologies

and Engineering (SITE)

□ Disapproved – Team is not allowed to go forward with Final Presentation. Reason for Disapproval:

Project Industry Mentor Signature Emin E. Alasgarov Date 30.04.24