Digital Design EE & Robo Engineering Practice 1

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DIGITAL DESIGN EE & ROBO

ENGINEERING PRACTICE -1

AUTHOR NAME:

STUDENT NAME:

ID:

Contents

List of Figures.................................................................3

Task# A.................................................................4

Selected Schematic.................................................................4

Components.................................................................4

Goals it aims to achieve.................................................................5

Identification of all components and PINS.................................................................6

Working Principle.................................................................6

Voltages.................................................................9

LED voltages.................................................................9

Examples.................................................................9

Task # B.................................................................10

Task B.1-Parameter Sweep.................................................................10

Multisim Circuit Diagram.................................................................11

Parameter Analysis.................................................................11

Output.................................................................12

Task # B.2-AC Sweep..........................................................12

Multisim Circuit Diagram.................................................................13

Analysis Parameter.................................................................13

Output.................................................................14

Task # C.................................................................14

Under normal operation..........................................................14

Working.................................................................15

Working Principle.................................................................15

Transistor PNP.................................................................17

Pinout.................................................................17

Task # D.................................................................17

Multisim Circuit Diagram.................................................................19

Customization Steps.................................................................19

Step-1.................................................................19

Step-2.................................................................19

Step-3.................................................................20

Step-4.................................................................21

Step-5.................................................................21

Step-6.................................................................21

Spice model Data................................................................................................................22

Task # E..........................................................................................................23

The stable mode of operation...........................................................................................23

Functionality............................................................................................................23

Parts.................................................................................................................23

Operation...........................................................................................................24

Purpose............................................................................................................24

Circuit Schematic of Simulink...........................................................................................25

Running Circuit Shreenshoot-1.........................................................................................25

Running Circuit Shreenshoot-2.........................................................................................25

Constant Values for Circuit.........................................................................................25

Output.........................................................................................................................26

Task # F...................................................................................................................26

Part-A-BOM............................................................................................................27

Part-B-Eagle CAD Schematic.........................................................................................28

Task # G...................................................................................................................29

PCB Schematic.........................................................................................................29

PCB Top View..........................................................................................................30

PCB Bottom View..........................................................................................................31

Task # H...................................................................................................................32

Step-1....................................................................................................................32

Step-2....................................................................................................................32

Step-3....................................................................................................................32

Final Step.................................................................................................................33

Task # I...................................................................................................................33

SolidWorks Enclosure for PCB....................................................................................33

3-D Model of PCB....................................................................................................34

Enclosure View.........................................................................................................34

Task # J...................................................................................................................35

Reflection of Digital Design and Modelling...............................................................35

References.................................................................................................................36

List of Figures

Figure 1:555 Timer Diagram............................................................4

Figure 2:555 Pinout (Angga Daren ,2020)..........................................................6

Figure 3: Resister Snap (Angga Daren ,2020)..........................................................7

Figure 4: Capacitor Snap (Angga Daren ,2020)..........................................................7

Figure 5:LED Snap (Angga Daren ,2020)..........................................................8

Figure 6:LED pinout(Angga Daren ,2020)..........................................................8

Figure 7:Breadboard Snap (Angga Daren ,2020)..........................................................9

Figure 8:Timer-555.................................................................15

Figure 9:Real Time Pic (Hans Luijten ,2022).................................................................15

Figure 10:LED RED and Green (Angga Daren ,2020).........................................................16

Figure 11:PINS out (Angga Daren ,2020).................................................................16

Figure 12: Transistor PIN (Angga Daren ,2020)..........................................................17

Figure 13: 555 Timer Diagram.................................................................30

Task# A

Selected Schematic

Selected the below circuit having 10+ components and at least 2 Active IC components.

Figure 1:555 Timer Diagram

555 timer circuit that utilizes at least 10 components, including 2 active components.

Circuit: BI-POLAR LED DRIVER Circuit

Components

1. 555 timer IC (active components)

2. Resistors

3. R1= 33kΩ

R2= 220Ω

R3= 220Ω

4. Capacitors

5. C1 =10µF

6. led (light emitting diode)

7. RED

GREEN

8. power supply (VCC)

9. Breadboard or PCB for assembling

10. Ground

Goals it aims to achieve

This circuit was designed to create a blinking effect with two LEDs of different colors (Red and Green), hence the term "BI-Polar LED." The LEDs would alternate in emitting light, creating a blinking pattern.

555 timer IC: The 555 timer IC was configured in Astable mode, which means it continuously switches between high and low state, generating a square wave output. The frequency of this square wave was determined by the values of resistors R1, R2, and capacitor C1.

LEDs: Two LEDs were connected to the output of the 555 timer IC. When the output of the 555 timers was high, one led (red led) had been forward biased and light up, while the other led (green led) had been reverse biased and remained off. When the output of the 555 timers was low, the roles would reverse, and the green LED would light up while the red LED remained OFF.

Capacitor (C1): The 10µF capacitor was used to control the timing of the astable multivibrator. It determines the frequency at which the LEDs blink by charging and discharging through resistors R1 and R2.

Resistors (R1, R2): These resistors, along with capacitor C1, determine the frequency of the blinking LEDs. The values of R1 and R2 set the charging and discharging times of capacitor C1, thus determining the overall blinked rate of the LEDs.

Power supply (VCC): The circuit was powered by a 9v power supply.

The circuit achieves the goal of creating a blinking effect with two LEDs of different colors, with the LEDs alternating between on and off state based on the output of the 555 timers IC. This type of circuit was commonly used in applications such as visual indicators, decorative lighting, and educational projects (Angga Daren ,2020).

Identification of all components and PINS

All the components mentioned in the circuit along with their respective pins in the 555 timer IC:

1. 555 Timer IC (Active Component):

Ground 1

Trigger 2

Output 3

Reset 4

Control 5

Threshold 6

Discharge 7

Vcc 8

Figure 2:555 Pinout (Angga Daren ,2020).

Working Principle

The output of the 555 is HIGH when the capacitor is being charged, and it is LOW when the capacitor is being discharged. Since neither state is stable, this mode is known as Astable mode.

The 555 is a free-running multivibrator since it automatically switches between HIGH and LOW states (Angga Daren ,2020).

• Pins:

Pin 1 ( Ground): Connected to the ground (0V).

Pin 2 (Trigger): Connected to resistors R1 and capacitor C1.

Pin 3 (Output): Connected to the LEDs (anode).

Pin 4 (Reset): Not connected (connected to Vcc for normal operation).

Pin 5 (Control Voltage): Not connected.

Pin 6 (Threshold): Connected to resistor R1 and capacitor C1.

Pin 7 (Discharge): Not Connected

Pin 8 (Vcc): Connected to the positive power supply (9V).

2. Resistors:

Figure 3: Resister Snap (Angga Daren ,2020).

• R1 (33kΩ): Connected between Pin 3 and Pin 2 (Trigger).

• R2 (220Ω): Connected between Pin 4 and Pin 8.

• R3 (220Ω: It might be intended for limiting current through the LEDs.

3. Capacitors:

Figure 4: Capacitor Snap (Angga Daren ,2020).

- C1 (10µF): Connected between Pin 2 (Trigger) and Pins 6 (Threshold).

4. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes and Active Components):

Figure 5:LED Snap (Angga Daren ,2020).

• Red LED: Connected to Pin 3 (Output) of the 555 timer IC.

• Green LED: Connected to Pin 3 (Output) of the 555 timer IC.

PIN out

Figure 6:LED pinout (Angga Daren ,2020).

5. Power Supply (Vcc):

• 9V: Connected to Pin 8 (Vcc) of the 555 timer IC.

6. Breadboard or PCB for Assembling:

Breadboards were ideal for the development phase of electronic circuits, providing a platform for quick prototyping and experimentation without the need for soldering. Components could be easily inserted and interconnected, facilitating rapid iteration and testing of circuit designs. However, for finalised electronic products, printed circuit boards were preferred due to their permanent connections, compact design, EMI-controlled, professional appearance, and suitability for mass production. PCBs require precise design according to circuit requirements

and are manufactured and assembled to create reliable and scalable electronic products (Angga Daren ,2020).

Figure 7:Breadboard Snap (Angga Daren ,2020).

7. Ground (0V):

• Typically connected to Pin 1 (Ground) of the 555 timer IC and any other ground connections in the circuit.

Voltages

Maximum Voltage Supply (Vcc): Generally speaking, the 555 timer IC's maximum voltage supply (Vcc) is 15 volts. It's crucial to adhere to this voltage limit as exceeding it could harm the integrated circuit.

Minimum Voltage Supply (Vcc): 4.5 volts is normally the minimum voltage supply (Vcc) needed for the 555 timer IC to operate dependably. The IC may not operate correctly and its performance may become unpredictable below this voltage.

LED voltages

Red LED: Typically has a forward voltage drop of around 1.8 to 2.2 volts.

Green LED: Typically has a forward voltage drop of around 2.0 to 3.3 volts.

Examples

Some applications where use this 555 Timer

• Dual-Color Flashing Beacon

❖ Bi-Color Indicator

❖ Traffic Signal Simulation

❖ LED Blinker Circuit with 555 Timer

Task # B

Task B.1-Parameter Sweep

Student ID: 23045006

When putt Student ID in Excel file then Extracted automatically below the parameter for Sweep

Enter your Student ID in the box below

23045006

Personal values for Task B.

Parameter Sweep

Vcc (V) 12.789

R1(Ohms) 13400

R2(Ohms) 25400

RL start value (Ohms) 220

RL Stop value (Ohms) 141000

AC Sweep

R1 (Ohms) 56000

C1 (pF) 1700

Start Frequency (Hz) 120

Stop Frequency (Hz) 1442000

Multisim Circuit Diagram

VCC

12.789V

13400Ω

25400Ω

220Ω

R Load

Ground

Parameter Analysis

Active Analysis:

Interactive Simulation

DC Operating Point

AC Sweep

Transient

DC Sweep

Single Frequency AC

Parameter Sweep

Noise

Monte Carlo

Parameter Sweep

Sweep parameters

Device parameter

Device type: Resistor

Name: R3

Parameter: resistance

Present value: 220 Ω

Description: Resistance

Start: 220

Stop: 141

kΩ

Number of points: 2

Increment: 140.78

Run

Save

Cancel

Help

Output

Grapher View

Task#B.1

Parameter Sweep Range from 220Ω to 1410000Ω (ID:23045006)

9.0000

7.0000

5.0000

3.0000

1.0000

-1.0000

0.0000k

40.0000k

60.0000k

80.0000k

100.000k

120.000k

140.000k

160.000k

Voltage (V)

resistance

V(1), rr3

V(PR1)

Selected Trace:V(1), rr3 | V(PR1)

Task# B.2-AC Sweep

Student ID: 23045006

When put Student ID in Excel file then Extracted automatically below the parameter for AC Sweep.

AC Sweep

Enter your Student ID in the box below

23045006

Personal values for Task B.

Parameter Sweep

Vcc (V) 12.789

R1 (Ohms) 13400

R2 (Ohms) 25400

RL start value (Ohms) 220

RL Stop value (Ohms) 141000

AC Sweep

R1 (Ohms) 56000

C1 (pF) 1700

Start Frequency (Hz) 120

Stop Frequency (Hz) 1442000

Multisim Circuit Diagram

File Edit View Place Simulate Transfer Tools Reports Options Window Help

Design Toolbox

V1 12.789Vrms

60Hz

0°

R1 56000Ω

C1 1700pF

PR1

Analysis Parameter

Analyses and Simulation

Active Analysis:

Interactive Simulation

AC Sweep

Frequency parameters Output Analysis options Summary

Start frequency (FSTART): 120 Hz

Stop frequency (FSTOP): 1.442 MHz

Sweep type: Decade

Number of points per decade: 10

Vertical scale: Logarithmic

Reset to default

Run Save Cancel Help

Output

Grapher View

File Edit View Graph Trace Cursor Legend Tools Help

Parameter Sweep Parameter Sweep Parameter Sweep AC Sweep AC Sweep

Task#B.2

AC Sweep Frequency Range 120 Hz to 1442000 Hz (student ID:23045006)

107.632 1.000k 10.000k 100.000k 1.000M 10.339M

Frequency (Hz)

Magnitude

14.901

1.000

100.000m

2.066m

Phase (deg)

-30

-60

-90

V(2)

V(PR1)

Selected Trace: V2 | V(PR1)

Task # C

Among the 555 timer-based circuit possibilities offered, I have selected the "Bike Light Indicator" circuit choice that most likely functions in Astable mode with a 555 timer IC. In this mode, the circuit provides a continuous square wave output, which causes LEDs to flash occasionally, similar to the behavior of a bike indicator light. A 555-timer integrated circuit, timing resistors and capacitors, LEDs, a power supply, and maybe a user-controllable switching mechanism are all included. During normal operation, the 555 timer, IC oscillates between high and low states, with the timing components controlling the frequency and length of the flashing pattern. The LEDs

Under normal operation

During normal operation, the "Bike Light Indicator" circuit, which uses the 555 timer IC in Astable mode, provides a square wave output. This square wave signal causes the LEDs linked to the 555 timer's output to blink intermittently, similar to the behavior of a bike indicator light. The timing components, which include resistors and capacitors, control the frequency and duty cycle of the square wave, which influences the LEDs' flashing pattern. As the 555 timer, IC oscillates between high and low states, with the

between high and low states, the LEDs turn on and off, offering visual cues to bikers and adjacent automobiles.

Working

All the components mentioned in the circuit along with their respective pins in the 555 timer IC:

1. 555 Timer IC (Active Component):

Figure 8:Timer-555

Working Principle

The output of the 555 is HIGH when the capacitor is being charged, and it is LOW when the capacitor is being discharged. Since neither state is stable, this mode is known as Astable mode.

The 555 is a free-running multivibrator since it automatically switches between HIGH and LOW states (Hans Luijten ,2022).

Figure 9:Real Time Pic (Hans Luijten ,2022).

• Pins:

• Pin 1 (Ground): Connected to the ground (0V).

• Pin 2 (Trigger): Connected to resistors R1 and capacitor C1.

• Pin 3 (Output): Connected to the LEDs (anode).

• Pin 4 (Reset): Not connected (connected to Vcc for normal operation).

• Pin 5 (Control Voltage): Not connected.

• Pin 6 (Threshold): Connected to resistor R1 and capacitor C1.

• Pin 7 (Discharge): Not Connected

• Pin 8 (Vcc): Connected to the positive power supply (9V).

2. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes and Active Components):

Figure 10:LED RED and Green (Angga Daren ,2020).

Red LED: Connected to Pin 3 (Output) of the 555 timer IC.

Green LED: Connected to Pin 3 (Output) of the 555 timer IC.

PIN out

Figure 11:PINS out (Angga Daren ,2020).

Transistor PNP

A PNP (Positive-Negative-Positive) transistor is one of two major types of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), the other being NPN (Negative-Positive-Negative). PNP transistors are commonly employed in electronic circuits for amplification, switching, and signal processing.

Pinout

A PNP transistor typically has three terminals:

The emitter (E) is extensively doped with N-type material and emits the majority of charge carriers (electrons in NPN transistors and holes in PNP transistors) into the base area.

The base is weakly doped and regulates the passage of charge carriers between the emitter and collector areas. A little current delivered to the base terminal directs a considerably greater current from the emitter to the collector.

The collector (C) captures the majority of charge carriers that flow from the emitter area while the transistor is operating. In PNP transistors, the collector terminal is highly doped with P-type material (Hans Luijten ,2022).

Figure 12: Transistor PIN (Angga Daren ,2020).

PNP Transistor

Task # D

We have selected Option # 06 for the customization.

When the ID is put into an Excel sheet extract these below constant values.

Personal values for Task D.

Parameter Sweep

Part Type PNP

BF 142.6578

RB 0.08

RBM 0.45

VJC 2.44

Multisim Circuit Diagram

PNP23045006 - Multisim - [PNP23045006]

Customization Steps

Step-1

In step one clicked on BJT to modify the model parameter according to Student ID.

Step-2

Gone into values and checked the Model modification Tab

Step-3

After clicking on model edit then edit all parameter that one get after putting the ID in the Excel file.

Edit Model

.MODEL BC327_DEF 1__1 PNP

Name Description Value Units Use default

Level Device model level Gummel-Poon (Level 1)

[page-unreadable]

Spice model Data

Part Type PNP RBM 0.45

BF 142.6578 VJC 2.44

RB 0.08

** PNP23045006 **

* NI Multisim to SPICE Netlist Export

* Generated by: HP

* Thu, May 02, 2024 15:47:56

.MODEL LED_mod D (

+ IS=1.024e-017 N=2.005e+000 RS=2.342e-003

+ BV=6.100e+001 IBV=6.000e-006

+ EG=1.110e+000 XTI=3.000e+000

+ CJO=3.238e-011 M=3.388e-001 VJ=3.250e-001

+ FC=5.000e-001 KF=0.000e+000 AF=1.000e+000 )

.ENDS

*** Multisim Component Q2 ***

gQ2 18 8 10 BC327__ BJT_PNP__1__1

*** Multisim Component A1 ##

xA1 0 2 3 VDC3 A1_OPEN_CON 2 1 VDC3 IDEAL_TIMER__MIXED_VIRTUAL__1

.MODEL BC327__BJT_PNP__1__1 PNP

+ Level=1 IS=1.34e-13 BF=142.6578 NF=0.991 VAF=46.5 IKF=0.114 ISE=6.82e-16

+ NE=1.16 BR=14.5 NR=1 VAR=10 IKR=1 ISC=1e-10 NC=2 RB=0.08 IRB=4.5

+ RBM=0.45 RE=0.01 RC=0.39 CJE=3.79e-11 VJE=0.478 MJE=0.7 TF=6.85e-10

+ XTF=15.4 VTF=455000 ITF=2.68 PTF=0 CJC=4.28e-11 VJC=2.44 MJC=0.475

+ XJC=1 TR=0 CJS=0 VJS=0.75 MJS=0.33 XTB=0 EG=1.11 XTI=3 FC=0.5

+ KF=0 AF=1

.MODEL BC327__DEF__1__1 PNP

+ Level=1 IS=1.34e-13 BF=142.6578 NF=0.991 VAF=46.5 IKF=0.114 ISE=6.82e-16

+ NE=1.16 BR=14.5 NR=1 VAR=10 IKR=1 ISC=1e-10 NC=2 RB=0.08 IRB=4.5

+ RBM=0.45 RE=0.01 RC=0.39 CJE=3.79e-11 VJE=0.478 MJE=0.7 TF=6.85e-10

+ XTF=15.4 VTF=455000 ITF=2.68 PTF=0 CJC=4.28e-11 VJC=2.44 MJC=0.475

+ XJC=1 TR=0 CJS=0 VJS=0.75 MJS=0.33 XTB=0 EG=1.11 XTI=3 FC=0.5

+ KF=0 AF=1

*4 Multisim Component AI 44*

xA1 0 2 3 VDC3 AI_OPEN_CON 2 1 VDC3 IDEAL_TIMER _MIXED_VIRTUAL_1

.MODEL BC327_BJT_PNP__1__1 PNP

+ (

+ Level=1 IS=1.34e-13 BF=142.6578 NF=0.991 VAF=46.5 IKF=0.114 ISE=6.82e-16

+ NE=1.16 BR=14.5 NR=1 VAR=10 IKR=1 ISC=1e-10 NC=2 RB=0.08 IRB=4.5

+ RBM=0.45 RE=0.01 RC=0.39 CJE=3.79e-11 VJE=0.478 MJE=0.7 TF=6.85e-10

+ XTF=15.4 VIF=455000 IIF=2.68 PTF=0 CJC=4.23e-11 VJC=2.44 MJC=0.475

+ XJC=1 TR=0 CJS=0 VJS=0.75 MJS=0.33 XTB=0 EG=1.11 XTI=3 FC=0.5

+ KF=0 AF=1

+ )

.MODEL BC327_DEF_1__1 PNP

+ (

+ Level=1 IS=1.34e-13 BF=142.6578 NF=0.991 VAF=46.5 IKF=0.114 ISE=6.82e-16

+ NE=1.16 BR=14.5 NR=1 VAR=10 IKR=1 ISC=1e-10 NC=2 RB=0.08 IRB=4.5

+ RBM=0.45 RE=0.01 RC=0.39 CJE=3.79e-11 VJE=0.478 MJE=0.7 TF=6.85e-10

+ XTF=15.4 VIF=455000 IIF=2.68 PTF=0 CJC=4.23e-11 VJC=2.44 MJC=0.475

+ XJC=1 TR=0 CJS=0 VJS=0.75 MJS=0.33 XTB=0 EG=1.11 XTI=3 FC=0.5

+ KF=0 AF=1

+ )

Task # E

In Task C select the "Bike Light Indicator" circuit choice that most likely functions in Astable mode with a 555 timer IC.

The stable mode of operation

The 555-timer integrated circuit continuously generates a square wave output while functioning as an astable multivibrator.

Functionality

To improve cyclist visibility and safety, the circuit creates a flashing pattern that mimics the blinking of a bike indication light. The timing elements attached to the 555 timer IC regulate the pattern of flashing.

Parts

555 Timer IC: Set up in an astable configuration.

Timing Components: The frequency and duty cycle of the flashing pattern are set by the resistors (R1, R2) and capacitors (C).

LEDs: Used to simulate the bike's indicator lights, connected to the 555 timer IC's output.

Operation

When the circuit was powered on, the 555 timer IC oscillates between its high and low states. the timing components controlled the duration of each state, determining the frequency of the flashing pattern. As the output of the 555 timer IC switches between high and low, the LEDs connected to it flash on and off, mimicking the behavior of a bike indicator light.

Purpose

Enhances visibility and safety for cyclists by providing a visual indication of turns or maneuvers, especially in low-light conditions or when riding in traffic.

Circuit Schematic of Simulink

Running Circuit Shreenshoot-1

Running Circuit Shreenshoot-2

Constant Values for Circuit

Part Type PNP

BF 142.6578

RB 0.08

RBM 0.45

VJC 2.44

Output

Grapher View

TaskE-23045006

Transient

Voltage (V)

Time (s)

0m 1m 2m 3m 4m 5m

Variable Operating point value

V(3) 0

V(4) 9.1968E-113

V(2) 0.08417091

V(1) 0.08417092

V(11) 0.66807856

V(10) 6.36236

V(20) 7.00055

V(19) 8.78903

V(5) 9.03793

V(7) 9.17192

V(6) 9.6807

V(12) 9.69009

V(18) 10.33868

V(9) 11.39223

V(15) 11.50236

V(13) 11.86618

V(17) 11.92927

Task # F

Part-A-BOM

Quantity Description RefDes Package Type Vendor Price

1 MIXED_VIRTUAL, 555_VIRTUAL A1 Generic D - £2.00

2 RESISTOR, 4.7kΩ R1, R2 Generic A 1x Rezystory Zestaw £1.00

1 RESISTOR, 47kΩ R3 Generic A 1x Rezystory Zestaw £1.00

5 RESISTOR, 330Ω R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 Generic A 1x Rezystory Zestaw £1.00

5 RESISTOR, 10kΩ R9, R10, R11, R12, R14 Generic A 1x Rezystory Zestaw £1.00

1 POWER_SOURCES, GROUND 1 Generic B - £1.00

1 POWER_SOURCES, V_REF3 VDC3 Generic B - £1.00

2 CAPACITOR, 100µF C1, C2 Generic A - £0.051

Total Cost £8.051

Vendor Price Hyperlink Manufacturer Manufacturer Part No.

- £2.00 Amazon YN1-010

1x Rezystory Zestaw £1.00 Amazon AZDelivery B07Q87JZ9G

1x Rezystory Zestaw £1.00 Amazon AZDelivery B07087JZ9G

- £1.00 Amazon Energizer Group B008D08JC6

- £0.051 Amazon Sourcingmap 015750'

Vendor Part No.

YN1-010

1x Rezystory Zestaw

639336

B0064IMMUS

Task # G

PCB Schematic

For Logo and Text did below step and get the final logo in PCB.

Select ULP Directory:

C:/EAGLE 9.6.2/examples/ulp/examples

Name Description

bom Export a Bill Of Material

cam2dxf Convert a CAM job to a script to export DXF data

cam2print Convert a CAM job to a print command

NAME: Abdulalwahab Aljaafar

ID: 23045006

Figure 13: 555 Timer Diagram

PCB Top View

NAME: Abdulalwahab Aljaafar

ID: 23045006

PCB Bottom View

Task # H

Step-1

Step-2

Step-3

STUDENT ID: 23045006

Final Step

Student ID:23045006

Task # I

SolidWorks Enclosure for PCB

3-D Model of PCB

5mm 0.2in

Enclosure View

LED1 LED2 LED3

Task # J

Reflection of Digital Design and Modelling

A variety of digital design ideas, such as the astable, monostable, and bistable modes of operation of the 555-timer integrated circuit. I can now properly mimic the behavior of several circuits and choose the right ones for particular applications thanks to this insight. Gained practical expertise in schematic diagram creation, component selection, and simulation running to verify circuit operation by putting my theoretical knowledge to use in real-world circuit design and simulation. My capacity to convert abstract ideas into practical applications has improved as a result. During the process, I've run across difficulties with comprehending intricate circuit topologies, resolving simulation issues, and maximizing circuit performance. But I've learnt to overcome these challenges and have good problem-solving techniques thanks to persistence and experimenting. Extensive attention to detail is necessary for digital design and modelling, particularly when confirming circuit connections and setting component settings. I now understand how crucial it is to double-check simulation settings and circuit designs in order to guarantee correct results. The field of digital design is broad and dynamic, with constant advancements to be learned. Learned from this experience how important it is to maintain curiosity and look for new opportunities to increase my understanding of digital design and modelling. the virtual design and analysis of intricate circuits using simulation programmed like Multisim. As I faced difficulties like deciphering complex circuit layouts and maximizing circuit efficiency, I strengthened my problem-solving abilities and refined my attention to detail. I've refined my skills to build complex circuits and adjust to changing technologies by adopting a mindset of constant learning, providing a strong basis for upcoming projects and endeavors in the exciting subject of digital design.

References

[1] Angga Daren (2020). Available at: https://circuitszone.com/bi-polar-led-driver-circuit/ [Accessed 1 May 2024].

[2] Hans Luijten (2022). Available at:

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/816629344903063893/ [Accessed 1 May 2024].

[3] T Rueth (2012). Available at:

https://community.element14.com/products/eagle/f/eagle-user-chat-english/41483/newbie-question-about-making-custom-smd-pad-sizes [Accessed 4 May 2024].

[4] Ashutosh Bhatt (2022). Available at: https://www.engineersgarage.com/555-timer-ic-introduction-basics-working-with-different-operating-modes/ [Accessed 4 May 2024].