Studies have shown that the consumption of fruits ripened with calcium carbide can reduce essential factors like prostaglandins-E2 (PGE2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), leukopoietin, thus weakening the immune system (Martins and Chiamaka, 2021; Onwuka et al. 2022). The presence of fat-soluble impurities such as arsenic and phosphorus in calcium carbide may accumulate in body organs, potentially leading to severe health issues like inflammation, depletion of blood cells, and diabetes mellitus (Onwuka et al., 2022; Ikhajiagbe et al., 2021; Ourna et al., 2022). Moreover, it can disturb the female reproductive system, hastening puberty and elevating blood estrogen levels (Bafor et al. 2019).

However, some studies established that consuming fruits ripened using calcium carbide reduces essential factors such as prostaglandins-E2, interleukin-3, leukopoietin and weakens the immune system (Martins and Chiamaka, 2021; Onwuka et al. 2022). The fat-soluble impurities such as arsenic (As) and phosphorus in calcium carbide are non-degradable and can accumulate in organs, causing potential health burdens, including but not limited to inflammation, blood cell depletion and diabetes mellitus (Onwuka et al., 2022; Ikhajiagbe et al., 2021; Ourna et al., 2022). Moreover, It also adversely affects blood parameters such as haemoglobin concentration, red and white blood cell counts, and packed cell volume (Dhembare, 2013). Besides, it disturbs female reproductive system by causing early puberty, raising blood estrogen concentration (Bafor et al., 2019).