UNVEILING THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN PROMOTING

WASTE MANAGEMENT AT BARANGAY LABNEY, SCIENCE CITY OF

MUÑOZ

A Thesis Proposal Presented to the

Faculty of the Department of Social Sciences

Central Luzon State University

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Arts in Social Sciences

by

PRINCESS AILERUA C. MEJIA, II

2023

Introduction

3

APPROVAL SHEET

This undergraduate thesis entitled “UNVEILING THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN PROMOTING WASTE MANAGEMENT AT BARANGAY LABNEY, SCIENCE CITY OF MUÑOZ”, prepared and submitted by PRINCESS AILERUA C. MEJIA, II in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES, has been examined and is hereby accepted:

RESTY RUEL BORJAL

Adviser

Date Signed

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

APPROVED by the Committee on Oral Examination on December 05, 2023.

JERICHO BELTRAN

Critic 1

Date Signed

JOSE EPIMACO ARCEGA

Critic 2

Date Signed

PEACHY DOMINGO

Department Research and Extension Coordinator

Date Signed

RESTY RUEL BORJAL

Department Head

Date Signed

JAY C. SANTOS, PhD

Dean, College of Arts and Social Sciences

Date Signed

THESIS ABSTRACT

1. Title: UNVEILING THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN PROMOTING

WASTE MANAGEMENT AT BARANGAY LABNEY, SCIENCE CITY OF MUÑOZ

1.1 Total No. of Pages: 119 pages

1.2 Total Number of Words:

2. Researcher: MEJIA, PRINCESS AILERUA II C.

3. Type of Document: Undergraduate Thesis

4. Type of Publication: Unpublished

5. Accrediting Institution: Central Luzon State University

Maharlika Highway, Science City of Muñoz

3120, Nueva Ecija

6. Keywords: Waste management, policy, opportunity, challenges, knowledge and

seminars

7. Abstract:

This study focuses on unveiling the opportunities and challenges in

promoting waste management policies in Barangay Labney. The study employs a

qualitative approach and ethnographic analysis through interviews.

This study discovered that there is a lack of knowledge and enforcement of

waste management regulations among community leaders and residents, resulting in

poor implementation and compliance. Inadequate garbage collection and disposal

procedures, such as the absence of trash cans in public locations, disorganized

waste disposal behaviors, and waste burning, all contribute to environmental

problems and health risks. Furthermore, assessing the root problem cause is

possible to address concerns through conducting seminars and education

campaigns, including the regular collection and inspection of waste. Highlighting

the importance behaviors in reducing pollution and recognizing the potential

economic benefits of recycling and job opportunities by protecting the environment

and strengthening governance while molding future generations as it crucial for

ensuring sustainable future of the community which requires more study.

7.1 Rationale/Background

The waste management serves a crucial role in developing countries

particularly in inefficient waste management systems, unplanned settlements

underdeveloped infrastructure, inadequate funding, and illicit dumping sites. As

the country face issues like environmental problems caused by human activities

possess an environmental and human health hazards globally, resulting to have

positive and negative impacts. This study aims to emphasize the importance of

community involvement, education, and policy implementation to address waste

management challenges effectively who have been unveiled focuses on learning

the opportunities and challenges in promoting waste management within the rural

community of Labney. As a student who have been deep appreciation in nature, it

hopes to contribute with the development of implementation for more effective

strategies that will benefit the community to be able to achieve a sustainable future

for following generation.

Introduction

6

7.2 Summary

The statement of the problem focusing on; 1) Existing policies that

government has imposed; 2) Knowledge and awareness of participants/residents

in waste management policies; 3) Guide and principles of practices of the

participants; 4) Opportunities and challenges in implementing rules and

regulations in community waste management including the suggestions from the

citizens.

The study utilized qualitative research and gathering data through

interviews or group interviews and analyze the data thematically aged from 18 and

above from key informants, households, students, and farmers in Barangay Labney

using ethnographical approach is utilized to define waste management practices

7.3 Major Findings

The significant findings of this study emphasized the lack of knowledge and

enforcement of waste management policies among community leaders and

residents as the leaders admitted they are not knowledgeable about the national

and local waste management laws which has led to poor implementation and

compliance within the community. Therefore, The domino effect has been serve

as inefficiency to environmental concerns and health hazards.

Conducting seminars to educate the residents about waste management

impacts is needed and returning of regular collection and inspection to achieve

significant impact. Recognizing the potential economic benefits of recycling and

job openings in promoting environmental responsibility.

7.4 Conclusions

Inadequate law enforcement has led to improper waste disposal

and a potential threat to human health and climate change including Insufficient

waste infrastructure, inadequate waste collection and disposal systems, and

limited access to resources in rural areas. To promote sustainable practices,

disseminating information and rigorous policy implementation can help bridge

the knowledge gap between government bodies andlocal communities by

encouraging people to participate in national laws and promote proper

segregation can contribute to minimizing pollution and global warming, while

also reducing the weakening ozone layer and providing practical learning

experiences can help bridge the knowledge and practice.

In conclusion, promoting waste segregation, and empowering waste

management systems and workers focusing on improvement of waste

management practices, educating younger generations, and strengthening

governance to prevent political divisiveness.

7.5 Recommendations

Instilling fear may provide an efficient move for the betterment of the

implementation of policies and educational initiatives by conducting seminars

about waste management systems, rules and regulation to raise awareness and

provide guidance that everyone will surely understand.

In addition, great political assertions of leaders are encouraged and initiate

mushroom cultivation to avoid burning agricultural wastes that minimize the

pollution by planting more trees. The dissemination of enough numbers of trash

bins are needed together with the returning of regular waste collection with

thorough inspection of properly disposal to ensure the fulfillment of waste

management practices to attain the responsibilities of all community members

rather than prolonging its political divisiveness.

8. Translated Abstract (Filipino):

Nakatuon ang pag-aaral na ito sa paglalahad ng mga pagkakataan at hamon sa pagtataguyod ng mga patakaran sa pamamahala ng basura sa Barangay Labney. Ang pag-aaral ay gumamit ng isang kwalitatibong paraan at etnograpikong paraan ng pagsususri sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa mga residente.

The image quality is insufficient to accurately transcribe the text. Please provide a higher-resolution image or a clearer crop of the page so I can reproduce the exact wording.

Introduction

10

kalahok/residente sa mga patakaran pang-basura; 3) Gabay at mga prinsipiyo ng

mga kasanayan ng mga kalahok; 4) Mga pagkakatan at hamon sa pagpapatupad

ng mga tuntunin at regulasyon sa pamamahala ng basura sa komunidad kasama

ang mga mungkahi mula sa mga mamamayan.

Gumamit ang pag-aaral ng kwalitatibong pananaliksik at pangangalap ng

datos sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam o pangkatang panayam at pag-aralan

ang data ayon sa tema na may edad mula 18 pataas mula sa mga pangunahin,

importante, sambahayan, mag-aaral, at magsasaka sa Barangay Labney gamit

ang etnograpikal na diskarte ay ginamit upang tukuyin ang mga kasanayan sa

pamamahala ng basura na binubuo ng 10-15 self-made guide questions na

karaniwang tumatagal ng 20-30 minuto.

8.3 Resulta

Ang mga makabuluhang natuklasan ng pag-aaral na ito ay nagbigay-diin

sa kakulangan ng kaalaman at pagpapabatid ng mga patakaran sa pamamahala ng

basura sa mga pinuno ng komunidad at mga residente dahil inamin ng mga pinuno

na wala silang kaalaman tungkol sa pambansa at lokal na mga batas sa

pamamahala ng basura na humantong sa hindi maganda.

Introduction

11

regular na koleksyon at inspeksyon upang makamit ang makabuluhang epekto.

Pagkilala sa mga potensyal na benepisyo sa ekonomiya ng pag-recycle at mga

pagbubukas ng trabaho sa pagtataguyod ng responsibilidad sa kapaligiran.

7.4 Konklusyon

Ang hindi sapat na pagpapatupad ng batas ay humantong sa hindi tamang

pagtatapon ng basura at isang potensyal na banta sa kalusugan ng tao at

pagbabago ng klima kabilang ang Hindi sapat na imprastraktura ng basura, hindi

sapat na sistema ng koleksiyon at pagtatapon ng basura, at limitadong pag-access

sa mga mapagkukunan sa mga rural na lugar. Upang isulong ang mga napapanatiling gawi, ang pagpapalaganap ng impormasyon at makahigit na pagpapatupad ng patakaran ay maaring makatulong sa tulay ang agwat ng kaalaman sa pagitan ng mga lokal na pamahalaan at mga komunidad.

Introduction

12

7.5 Rekomendasyon

Ang pagtatanim ng takot ay maaaaring magbigay ng isang mahusay na hakbang para sa pagpapabuti ng pagpatupat ng mga patakaran at mga hakbangin na pang-edukasyon sa pamamagitan ng pagsasagawa ng mga seminar tungkol sa mga sistema ng pamamahala ng basura, mga patakaran at regulasyon upang itaas ang kamalayan at magbigay ng gabay na tiyak na mauunawa ng lahat.

Bilang karagdagan, hinihikayat ang mahusay na pagsasabatas ng mga pinuno at sinimulan ang paglilinang ng kabute upang maiwasan ang pagsusunog ng basura pang-agrikultura bilang alternatibong paraan at pagtatag ng mas maraming puno upang makatulong sa pang-unawa ng polusyon.

Ang pagkakapakalat ng sapat na bilang ng mga basurahan ay kinakaibang at maibalik ang regular na koleksyon ng basura na may masusing inspeksyon upang matiyak ang katuparan at magkaroon ng kasanayan at kahusayan ng lahat.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty for

granting me the opportunity to pursue education, which has enabled me to learn,

thrive, and survive. It is by His divine will that I have been empowered with faith,

strength, determination, and the necessary composition to complete this study.

Without His guiding hand, this endeavor would not have been possible.

Secondly, I would like to acknowledge the unwavering efforts, patience,

love, trust, prayers, and guidance of my parents, Mr. Rogelio Mejia and Aurelia

Mejia who have provided me with the love, encouragement and necessary support

throughout the process, without them success would not be easy to achieve. I am

also deeply grateful to my Inang/Kumare for instilling hope in me and trusting me

to take care of her, which has strengthened and inspired me to become a more

resilient individual.

Third, I would also like to extend my heartfelt appreciation to my

childhood best friend, as well as my college and high school friends. To my Ates/Mama in the boarding house, Jonamel Olltirez, Reymaly Precentacion, Crisanta Nicole Maman sag, Christine Nallada, and Gizzelle Ferraren, and my Adings, I am truly grateful that God has allowed me to cross paths with you as

your guidance, encouragement, and belief in my abilities have been the backbone

that has kept me thriving and moving forward.

Lastly, I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor,

Prof. Resty Ruel Borjal, for his invaluable guidance in enhancing my knowledge

Introduction

14

and inspiring me to complete this study. Additionally, I am thankful to my first

critic, Mr. Floper Gershwin Manuel, and my present critic, Mr. Jericho Beltran and

Jose Arcega, for their constructive feedback, which has helped me build a stronger

foundation and expand my understanding. I am deeply appreciative of all the

support and contributions that have made this study possible. May God bless all

of you with His abundant grace.

Thank you so much!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET........................................................

THESIS ABSTRACT........................................................

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................

TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................

LIST OF TABLES........................................................

LIST OF FIGURES........................................................

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................

CHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

Review of Related Literature

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem

Significance of the Study

Definition of Terms

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research Design

Research

Locale

Sampling Method

Data Gathering

Procedures

Data

Gathering

Data Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ethical

Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Policies and Implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Knowledge and Awareness of Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Responsibility of Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Principles of practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

A. Municipal policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B. Participant’s confirmation letter with signatures . . . . . . .

C. Sample Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D. Cover letter for Research Ethics and Review Committee . . . . . . .

E. ERC Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F. Letter/Barangay Permit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G. Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H. Curriculum Vitae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF FIGURES

Table No. Title Page

1 Conceptual Framework 31

2 Research Locale (City Map) 36

3 Research Locale (Community Map) 36

4 Signage 67

5 Burned Wastes 89

Introduction

18

Introduction

19

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CENRO: City Environment and Natural Resources Office

FP: Farmer Participants

HP: Household Participants

IEC: Information, Education, and Communication

KI: Key Informants

GWMO: Global Waste Management Outlook

MRF: Material Recovery Facility

MSW: Municipal Solid Waste

MSWM: Municipal Solid Waste Management

LGU: Local Government Unit

SDG: Sustainable Development Goals

SP: Student Participants

SW: Solid Waste

TPB: Theory of Planned Behavior

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

Every year, the world generates 2.12 billion tons of wastes (The World Counts, n.d.). This waste can have a devastating impact on the environment and human health, especially in developing countries where waste management systems are often inadequate (Ferronato & Torretta, 2019). A growing body of research has documented the challenges of waste management such as limited resources, lack of infrastructure, and weak institutional capacity (Wastes, 2023).

The issues related to waste can vary because of human activities and the simple promotion of their positive and negative effects in all aspects especially in promoting proper waste management (Wastes, 2023). The increasing generation of waste includes the financial strain on the municipal budget from high management costs, the lack of knowledge about a variety of factors affecting the various indicators of managing waste, and the linkages required to enabling the entire handling system to function are the main reasons why solid waste management is a challenge for city authorities in developing countries (Guerrero et al., 2013).

The main drivers of the evolution of current waste management techniques

were frequently dumped on land that was close to an underdeveloped area, which

greatly affects the environment and continuously imposed negative impact on

the entire handling system to function are the main reasons why solid waste

management is a challenge for city authorities in developing countries (Guerrero

et al., 2013).

humans. (Ferronato & Torretta, 2019). Thus, improper management of waste

presents environmental and human health hazards, constituting an increasingly

significant global challenge (Siddiqua et.al., 2022). Despite the fact that some rural

communities have attempted to recover valuable flows, generate resources from

waste, and increase their revenues, they have frequently employed polluting

methods (Vinti & Vaccari, 2022).

There are established laws that would help with environmental problems,

including improper waste segregation in every community especially in rural areas.

The paper quote Republic Act of 9003 as the most comprehensive and ecological

solid waste management policy in the country. It establishes programs for the

ecological management of solid refuse, which are responsible for ensuring that

waste is appropriately segregated, collected, transported, stored, treated, and

disposed of. Furthermore, solid waste management encompasses the storage,

collection, transportation, processing, and disposal of waste in a manner

consistent with engineering, economic, conservation, and public health codes of

ethics, among other environmental considerations, as cited in the study of (Robles,

2015). Local Government Units (LGUs) shall have the primary responsibility for

implementing and enforcing the provisions of this Act within their respective

jurisdictions, as stated in RA 7160, also referred to as the Local Government Code

of 1991 when it comes to solid waste management comprises the collection,

transportation, disposal, and treatment of waste products ( Nathanson,

2023).

Introduction

22

As the context indicated above, the present study focuses on learning the

opportunities and challenges in promoting waste management within the

community from the local government unit implementation of policy;

students/youth and residents of the scope community culture regarding waste

management practices will be a great start in knowing the second step in

promoting the idea of proper segregation. This is significant as there have been

many studies about waste. However, the community, specifically in local areas,

lacks knowledge about the segregation of debris, which continuously affects both

humans and the enviroment. The City Ordinance No. 83, S-2011 of Science City

of Muñoz otherwise known as the “Comprehensive Solid Waste Management

Code,” implements rules and regulations for the Barangays, particularly in

Barangay Labney, though they have been establishing the resolution, they cannot

totally have engaged within the Barangay unless they were asked about waste

management problems as they need to be professional and not be meddled in the

power of Barangay officials in Barangay Labney unless they were initiate for help.

As a female student pursuing studies related to social science, I am deeply

passionate about tackling waste management challenges and preserving the

motherland for future generations. My research aims to gather data that will pave

the way and techniques tailored to our community's specific needs.

My personal experiences have significantly shaped my research interests

and perspectives. Growing up, I developed a strong appreciation for nature,

fostered by my education in an Agricultural School. There, I actively participated

Introduction

23

in waste management practices, which instilled in me a deep understanding of its

importance and the detrimental consequences of mismanagement. Witnessing

these impacts firsthand fueled my desire to contribute to practical solutions but, I

acknowledge that everyone has diverse perspectives on this issue and in order to

mitigate potential biases and ensure inclusivity, I will strive to engage with a

variety of stakeholders within the community during my research by conducting

ethical and inclusive research. I hope to contribute to the development of effective

waste management strategies that benefit our community and ensure a

sustainable future for generations to come.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Challenges for Waste Management

Local Cases

According to the study of (Akenji et al., 2019) recognizes the need for a comprehensive assessment to validate national and local trends, the need for more data and information on plastic waste generation and management, and the need for more engagement and feedback from various sectors, stakeholders, and residents. Another study from (World Bank, 2022) found the usual scenario to forecast the amount of plastic waste that will be generated, processed, recycled, disposed of, and leaked into the environment over a 20-year period is technical capacity to assist in the implementation of transboundary plastics challenges, information and knowledge, policy, and governance. Coracero et al., 2021, in the study about waste management problem is identified as valorization, which is the process of turning garbage into goods and be useful. It emphasizes how crucial cooperation between all parties involved and sound administration are to the nation's efficient waste management. In this study, it discusses the urgent problem of managing solid waste in the Philippines, a country where garbage production is continuously rising tends to nations’ suffering from difficulties in enforcing waste management rules due to a lack of sanitary landfills and inappropriate disposal methods. Another study found that solid waste management plans submitted by 1,604 local government units (LGUs) in the Philippines, revealing high

Introduction

25

compliance and awareness of the Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 which also

shows that 62.59% of LGUs have access to sanitary landfills, and 66.08% have

inter-level arrangements for solid waste management. However, the paper lacks

detailed analysis of the 10-year plans and does not address challenges in

implementation and monitoring, such as lack of resources, weak enforcement, and

low public awareness. To address these issues, the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 is proposed, which places strong emphasis on trash

diversion, appropriate disposal, and segregation. It emphasizes how important it

is for individuals to get involved and conscious in order to make the waste-free

possible. These findings can be used as a benchmark for evaluating solid waste

management performance and serve as a basis for policy formulation and resource

allocation (DENR, 2019).

The challenges in managing domestic waste in the Philippines including the

lacks lack of guidance for household healthcare waste, contradictions between existing

laws and new ignition policies, and the exclusion of informal waste pickers. It

suggests improving and adapting waste management policies to address these

issues, such as defining household healthcare waste, harmonizing incineration

policies, integrating informal waste pickers, exploring the best techniques for

waste treatment, increasing budget allocation, and building capacity. It also

emphasizes the need for public participation, consultation, and communication in

the community to ensure safety, efficiency, and sustainability in waste

management practices (Nakamura et al., 2010; Louis et al., 2022; De Vera, 2021).

Uncontrolled and poorly managed dumping leads to waste piles on dumping

sites, which are susceptible to negative effects on the environment and human

health. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal is a significant challenge for rural

areas. Waste from these countries has a high moisture content and density,

making it unsuitable for energy conversion. Composting or vermicomposting could

be a viable option due to its high nutritive value and pathogen-free nature. Proper

planning is needed considering factors such as population, climatic conditions,

solid waste nature, financial support, environmental pollution, health impacts, etc.

Waste segregation is the biggest challenge for sustainable waste management

systems, but balanced coordination among social, institutional, environmental,

financial, and technical factors is needed to achieve an optimal waste management

plan (Srivastava et al., 2015).

Lisa Doeland's "Turning to the Spectre of Waste: A Hauntological Approach"

explores waste as a historical and cultural category, challenging its stable essences

and pervasive presence in societal structures. The chapter highlights the

challenges of waste management in rural areas in the Philippines, such as limited

access to waste management infrastructure, inadequate waste collection and

disposal systems, lack of awareness on proper waste management practices, and

limited resources for sustainable solutions which highlight the complex and

multifaceted nature of waste generation in the modern period (Ek, 2020).

A study on solid waste management in the Philippines was published in the

Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues that draws attention to the

growing amount of waste, which is causing problems including inadequate law

enforcement, incorrect waste disposal, and a shortage of sanitary landfills.

According to the report, there are a number of difficulties with managing garbage

in rural areas, including underserved areas where waste is not routinely collected,

forcing residents to dispose of their waste improperly by burning it, leaving it

outside, or leaving it in plain sight. These actions have the potential to pollute,

endanger human health, and accelerate climate change. In addition, it is

determined that corrupt practices, a lackluster legislative environment, and

inadequate administration are major causes of ineffective waste management

systems in rural areas. The lack of adequate infrastructure for waste collection and

disposal exacerbates the difficulties in managing garbage in rural areas. These

difficulties show that in order to solve the urgent problems with rural waste

management, better administration and political will with stronger waste

management legislation enforcement, and better waste collection services are

required (Romero, 2020).

The document "Resolving Governance Issues to Achieve Priority Sustainable

Development Goals Related to Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries" discusses the governance aspects of solid waste management and its links to

achieving Sustainable Development Goals. It focuses on three main policy

instruments: direct regulation, economic instruments, and social instruments, and

their application in extending waste collection services and securing controlled

disposal. The article highlights several challenges related to waste management,

particularly in developing countries, including lack of institutional capacities,

behavioral change, financial sustainability, political commitment, and effective

communication. These challenges underscore the complex nature of waste

management in developing countries and require a combination of complementary

and well-coordinated measures to achieve sustainable waste management

practices (Rodić, 2017).

A comprehensive evaluation in the study of (Zhang et al., 2021) regarding

the entire waste management chain is essential that includes proper separate

treatment processes for waste streams. Monitoring environmental performance is

crucial for decision-makers, especially with the evolution of urban MSWM systems

and the integration of multiple waste streams. Local areas often lack proper waste

management infrastructure, such as waste collection systems, recycling facilities,

and disposal sites, making it difficult to effectively manage and dispose of waste.

Limited resources, such as financial and human resources, can hinder the

implementation of proper waste management practices and the development of

necessary infrastructure. Limited access to advanced waste management

technologies and equipment can also hinder the implementation of efficient and

sustainable waste management practices. Cultural and behavioral factors can also

pose challenges in waste management in rural areas, as traditional practices and

attitudes towards waste disposal may need to be addressed and changed to

promote more sustainable waste management practices.

Introduction

29

Solid Waste (SW) mismanagement is a global issue causing environmental

contamination, social inclusion, and economic sustainability, particularly in

developing and transition countries. Uncontrolled disposal generates heavy metal

pollution, pollutant emissions, and health risks. Open dumping, open burning of

waste fractions, and mismanagement of leachate produced in final disposal sites

are the main issues in developing countries. Policy should incorporate waste

management hierarchy to reduce the global carbon footprint. Implementing sound

waste management practices, involving manufacturers and behavior change are

key aspects of any solution. In the West Bank, 82.2% of hazardous waste is

disposed of in unsanitary dump sites, leading to poor precautions and high

incidences of diseases among waste handlers. Strong regulatory initiatives for

construction waste management are needed to reduce open dumping issues (Ferronato, N., & Torretta, V., 2019).

With rapid increase in population, the municipal waste is growing resulted

to a major challenge for effective management system. This study was conducted

to Barangay Pansol, Quezon City, Metro Manila with an aim of assessing the impact

of this act on households' waste generation and practices at barangay level including the factors that have significant impact on waste generation that includes

recycling and awareness on waste policy. In addition to that, households focus on

minimizing wastes and improve waste management practices, awareness on

various aspects of waste and accessibility of MRF to lessen the generation of

wastes. This study was discovered that not all households have access on provided

Introduction

30

services of the government at waste collection and street sweeping so there should

be wider geographical coverage of collection and street sweeping services. Thus,

it reveals that policy awareness are linked to waste generation, particularly the

implementation of RA 9003 not been fully implemented. To reduce waste

generation should comply by the policy makers, stake holders and have effective

measures, such as raising awareness about waste impact and management,

promoting recycling, and expanding street sweeping coverage, are also needed

(Maskey et al., 2016). Another study conducted in selected Barangays n Cebu City,

Philippines founded the same results which the implementation of law at barangay

level is really challenging as there is less extent of compliance in almost all of the

SWM policies in segregation, composting, recycling, incentives, and in public

information while having a moderate extent of compliance. In terms of MSW

collection, the inconsistent process and transport of solid waste and enforcement

of penalties and fines are lowly practiced so it suggests to have a better and

effective measures for it to be more functional and marketable materials resource

facilities and convenient drop-off locations for recyclable materials ensure final

sorting accordingly in order to encourage more participation (Camarillo &

Bellotindos, 2021). Another study conducted in the community of Cawilan, Tagana-

an, Suriga del Norte founded that even if the community is conscious to waste

management initiatives, there still a noticeable lack of implementation in the areas

of segregation, reduction, reuse, and recycling. This indicates that awareness

without positive actions does not lead to improved waste disposal methods. In

order to address these challenges more effectively, holding a seminar to

emphasize the negative consequences of violating waste management regulations,

updating policies for efficient execution, and implementing stricter recycling

practices are highly encouraged. Another study (Sanchez, 2023) community

workshops and campaigns for effective waste management which find significant

implications for improving waste management practices in rural areas conducted

in selected households in Philippine rural areas to help in providing solutions to the

arising challenges in both traditional and modern waste management methods.

Though, participants have general positive beliefs about waste management, but

their practices act otherwise simply because they still have lack in knowledge about

waste management. (Limon et al., 2020).

This research project in the study of (Launio et al., 2015) analyze the rice straw management and the environmental consequences of open-field rice straw burning and other straw management practices in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. The practice is a major source of air pollutants, including greenhouse gases, particulate matter, and other elements that impact human health. Despite existing solid waste management laws many farmers still burn their straw or incorporate it into submerged soil during land preparation. The study found that farmers are willing to mitigate these perceived actions, even if they negatively impact humans and the environment.

Introduction

socioeconomic issues. Despite various formalization measures, many have failed

due to long-term barriers and a lack of knowledge. This paper aims to address this

gap by explaining the dynamics of formalization strategies and enabling measures

for long-term success. The paper also discussed the 'persistent' challenges that

represent barriers to formalization and key enabling factors improving the

likelihood of successful formalization. The paper concludes that the success of a

formalization initiative depends on the inclusion of country-appropriate measures

at the policy, economic, and institutional levels. Empowering informal waste-

workers is confirmed as a key success factor for their formalization which

contributes significantly to recycling rates and local added value. The review

concludes that the lack of proper implementations in any categories of barriers in

promoting waste can lead formalization initiatives into failure ( Aparcana, 2017).

Foreign Case

The Global Waste Management Outlook (GWMO) provides data and

projections on global and regional trends, challenges, and opportunities discusses

global waste generation and management trends, revealing that the world

generates 2.01 billion tons of municipal solid waste annually, with 33% not

managed properly. It predicts a 70% increase in waste generation over the next

30 years, with Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia being the fastest-growing

regions. Solutions for sustainable waste management promoting and improving

waste disposal (World Bank, 2018).

Rice straw management in Asia is a significant challenge due to its high

levels air pollution and health issues. The straw's incorporation into soil poses

problems in intensive systems due to insufficient time of decomposition leaving it

with poor fertilization properties and hindering crop establishment. Open-field

burning of straw has increased dramatically over the last decade, despite being

banned in most rice-growing countries. Large amounts of rice straw left in the field

require mechanization and multiple tillage operations. Rice straw can be used for

soil conditioning, bio-energy production, and materials recovery. However, not all

options are viable due to higher processing and transportation costs compared to

traditional options that rice straw spread field burning in Asia produces large

amounts of toxic air pollutants and climate pollutants, contributing significantly to

regional emissions. The findings are essential for understanding the environmental

and health impacts of rice straw burning and implementing effective control

measures; however, challenges in promoting waste management in rural areas

include uncontrolled combustion conditions and those used in traditional

agricultural practices like this (Oanh et al., 2015 & Van Hung et al., 2020).

Community Level Challenges

Local Cases

In the Philippines, a survey of 67% of Los Baños students found that 72.5%

of them practice solid waste management, with an average knowledge and

attitude of 87.8%. The majority of students scored well on attitudes (71.0%) and

knowledge (73.4%), but only 43.1% rated their practices as adequate. The

Introduction

34

majority of students disclosed that their disposal systems were predominantly

recycled or sold to junk shops. It suggests that environmental education, focusing

on recycling and solid waste management, should be incorporated into college

courses or the general curriculum. Additionally, seminars and programs on waste

management and environmental conservation should be organized by the

Municipality of Los Baños (Barloa et al, 2016).

Students have a high level of awareness about solid waste management,

indicating a positive attitude towards environmental and human wellness. They

often follow the principles of the 3 R's (reduce, reuse, and recycle) females are

more aware of this issue than male high school and more likely demonstrate a

great extent of practice in managing wastes (Molina & Catan, 2021).

Foreign Cases

In the different study which examined in Ibadan, Oyo State. The majority

were male (55%), with 22.7% of the sample being junior secondary students and

77.3% being senior level students. Organic garbage, including paper, leaves,

wood, and other biodegradable materials, was the most common waste. The most

widely used waste disposal techniques were recycling and composting, then open

burning. The study found that open burning and careless trash were the most

prevalent environmental issues in school compounds. The majority of students

engaged in weekly clean-up programs and were members of a young

environmental scout sanitation. The study suggests that the government and other

sectors should build proper environmental education and waste management

awareness to help break the long-standing habit of careless waste disposal (Adeolu et al., 2014)).

Another study mentioned that the students' knowledge in solid waste management is low and inadequate, but they are willing to participate in recycling projects to improve the environment. It emphasizes the importance of investing in sustainable strategies in rural institutions to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and increase students' awareness of waste management. It recommends improving solid waste management and integrating students as stakeholders in a sustainable waste system. Place-specific guidelines should be developed to understand the unique context of rural institutions worldwide which eventually satisfy by learning the opportunities and challenges in promoting waste management which they are willing to engage ( [unreadable], 2022).

Another study found the same results in a study with 271 young people in Nairobi, Kenya, view that every single-use plastics serves as a significant environmental and health concern, with 97% agreeing that millions of tons are thrown out and 99% believing they clog drainage systems. The majority are open to participating in initiatives supporting the recovery and recycling of single-use plastic waste, but only 21% have made efforts to reduce pollution (Ogue et al., 2021).

As (Debrah, 2021) argue that Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a

significant issue in developing countries, exacerbated by urbanization and

environmental awareness. In able to promote sustainability, educators must

Introduction

36

provide students with real-world knowledge and skills. Barriers include a lack of

finance, trained teachers, and knowledge and enhancing teachers' education and

financial constraints on financing activities and policies as it gives an importance

for future sustainability.

Sustainable Waste Management

The document towards waste generation and management trends across

different regions, income levels, and waste types reveals that global waste

production is expected to increase by 70% by 2050, with most of it not being

properly managed, particularly in low-income countries. It assessed the impacts of

waste on climate, health, livelihoods, and ecosystems and evaluates different

waste management options, such as landfilling, incineration, recycling, and

composting. The document highlights the potential sustainability of waste

management to create economic, environmental, and social value by capturing

material and energy, creating jobs, and reducing environmental impacts. It also

suggests focusing on developing circular economies, reducing plastic consumption,

and investing in modern waste management infrastructure (Ellis, 2018).

As (Vinti & Vaccari, 2022) research indicates that waste generation in rural

areas is low, but challenges in solid waste management in low-income countries

are often overlooked. Policies supporting recycling programs are crucial, but

technological strategies may be impracticable due to limitations in rural areas.

Waste composition analysis is essential for identifying primary obstacles and

optimal waste management approaches. Organic waste is the predominant

proportion, with plastic being the secondary representative waste fraction.

Environmental injustice in rural areas occurs when most of the urban population's

food is sourced from rural areas, leading to increased pollution and waste.

Community-based management strategies for promoting rural source separation

in Thailand have been successful, but administration and education are crucial.

Future research could explore emerging solid waste management techniques in

rural communities, emphasizing waste reduction and reuse and considering energy

demands and greenhouse gas emissions from a circular economy perspective.

Zero Waste Practices

Local Cases

Within the Alaminos City, a zero-waste project was implemented resulting

in a significant reduction in waste volume. Open dumping and burning have

significantly decreased, with almost none of the fields having pile burning. A follow-

up survey showed a high percentage of residents separating their waste and

composting, with 15 villages consistently implementing pure composting and 17

starting comprehensive collection systems. After two years, ten villages had

achieved full compliance with the 2000 waste management law, and 25 villages

had local ordinances banning open burning and dumping. The project team held

workshops, consultations, and assemblies to gather information and feedback on

waste management practices. The project grew significantly over two years as the

Introduction

38

villages took ownership and the city government committed to the zero-waste

vision (Larracas, n.d.).

Foreign Cases

The study in Nigeria's college students reveals a low understanding of

solid waste management, with a significant knowledge gap. The majority of

students have a weak positive correlation between their knowledge and attitudes

towards the subject. This highlights the need for more attention to environmental

education topics, particularly solid waste management, at all educational levels.

The findings have implications for educational researchers, science associations,

institutions, governments, agencies, businesses, and individuals involved in

science and environmental education. The study also found that gender does not

significantly influence students' attitudes and understanding of solid waste

management. Teachers should list or demonstrate what students need to know

about environmental education and support them in acquiring the necessary skills

and attitudes. They should also be committed to helping students develop positive

attitudes towards solid waste management through engaging strategies and

activities (Dung et al., 2017).

Introduction

39

SYNTHESIS OF LITERATURE REVIEW

Efficient waste management in the Philippines faces a myriad of challenges,

including inadequate waste management infrastructure, insufficient resources, and

a lack of awareness and understanding of the importance of proper waste

management practices. These challenges are particularly pronounced in rural

areas, where access to waste management facilities is limited, and waste collection

and disposal systems are inadequate.

To address these challenges, it is crucial to adopt a multi-faceted approach

that combines education, awareness campaigns, and research. Specifically, there

is a need to target youth and students with improved waste management

education and awareness campaigns to address the lack of separate waste bins

for different waste types. This education should extend beyond the classroom to

include, administrators and home practices.

Furthermore, there is a need for additional research to adapt waste

management strategies to unique cultural contexts, fill knowledge gaps, identify

new opportunities for improvement, and enhance waste management practices.

This research should also focus on the long-term effects of waste management on

the environment, public health, and local economy.

Achieving sustainable waste management in the Philippines requires a

collaborative effort from all stakeholders, including governmental bodies, private

organizations, and local communities. This collaboration should be guided by

sustainable development principles, which emphasize the need for a holistic

Introduction

40

approach that balances economic, social, and environmental considerations. By

working together, we can create a more sustainable and waste-free future for all.

Introduction

41

Theoretical Framework

Theory of Planned Behavior

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) coined by Icek Ajzen which

postulates that behavior intentions are driven by Individual's attitude toward

behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The first construct

of the theory is behavioral intention, which influenced given behavior. The stronger

the intention to engage in a specific behavior, the more likely people are to perform

that behavior, driven by their positive evaluation of it. The second construct is

attitude towards the behavior which is the extent if a person has a favorable or

unfavorable appraisal in a given behavior where a person feels positively or

negatively act in response to the behavior that usually consists of behavioral

beliefs and outcome evaluations. Subjective norm, on the other hand, describes

one's perception towards social pressure to perform or not to perform a given

behavior. It has to do with how someone views the social context in which the

behavior is occurring. The third construct, is the perceived behavioral

that plays a key role in the TPB as it refers to the individual's belief about their

ability to perform a certain behavior (Ajzen, 1991).

In the context of this study, the TPB will be used to understand how waste

management policy influence resident attitudes and practices. Specifically, the

study will analyze how policies impact residents' perceptions of waste management

(attitude), their beliefs about social expectations (subjective norm), and their

confidence in successfully implementing waste management practices (perceived

Introduction

42

behavioral control). By analyzing these factors, the study aims to identify both the

opportunities and challenges associated with promoting effective waste

management in Barangay Labney.

Introduction

43

Conceptual framework

People’s Knowledge and Awareness on Policy

Policy

Principles on Practice

Opportunities and Challenges

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study aligns with the TPB (Ajzen, 1991) as it focuses on the implementation of policies by LGU officials in Barangay Labney regarding waste management in order to understand how it contributes to people’s knowledge and awareness of policies that reflect their principles in practice, which will help the researcher analyze the possible opportunities and challenges as they manifest through their waste management actions.

Introduction

44

Statement of the Problem

The researcher seeks to answer the following series of questions focuses

on unveiling the opportunities and challenges in promoting waste management

among the residents of Barangay Labney which can help to address these issues

and lessen its negative effects on natural resources and humans. As the

researcher's observed, the lack of response in collecting garbage regularly within

the area because of improper segregation of waste is the reason of pursuing this

study. These small actions contribute significantly to the global fight for

environmental protection, as they have been crucial within the community.

1. What are the policies that government has imposed in the community regarding waste management?

2. What knowledge and awareness do participants from different backgrounds have about waste management policies?

3. What principles guide the practices of participants who engage in the imposed waste management behavior?

4. What are the opportunities and challenges in implementing rules and regulations for community waste management, including suggestions from residents?

Introduction

45

Significance of the Study

1. The recognition of opportunities and challenges in waste management.

2. The findings will inform the development of more effective waste management programs to further develop a more valuable technique in waste management system.

Definition of Terms

To facilitate a better understanding of the study, the following terms are provided and operationally defined:

RA 9003- It refers to “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000” also known as an act providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes.

RA 7160- It refers to “An Act Providing for a Local Government Code of 1991” wherein, the formulation and implementation of policies shall be established by LGU’s.

RA 10173- refers to the Data Privacy Act, which intends to keep the participants safe and to observe confidentiality in any information that has been disclosed in this paper.

Science City of Muñoz Ordinance No. 83, S-2011- Also known as the “Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Code” and implementing rules and

regulation to the scope of 37 Barangays in Science City of Muñoz, particularly in

Barangay Labney.

Agricultural Wastes- refers to waste generated from planting and harvesting of

crops including rice straw, rice stalks and weeds and/or animal manure.

Biodegradable- This is the materials that is considered as trash and capable of

being decomposed.

Challenges- It implies to the negative side or results in handling waste

management in the community of Barangay Labney.

Disposal- It is the practice of throwing something that is already considered

waste or unwanted that will have considered as trash or not as useful as it was.

Non-biodegradable- It is defined as trash or waste that will never be

decomposed, like plastic.

Opportunities- It refers to the positive side or results from imposed policies in

the community.

Stakeholder- It is a person or a group of people that usually leads and holds

power over something. Just as Barangay officials, educators, administrators and

etc.

Sustainability- It is the ability to continuously maintain a process that seeks to

prevent the breakage of natural resources so that they will remain for a long time

in a sense of promoting proper waste management.

Introduction

47

Waste- It refers to unwanted trash that is usually intended to be thrown away

which usually the reason why it becomes the problems of the Barangay Labney

community as it has been improperly segregated when it was collected.

Waste management- It refers to the segregation of wastes into the categories

of biodegradable and non-biodegradable that is more preferable in order to

decrease the problems on high rate of wastes in the community of Barangay

Labney.

Unveiling- It means trying to reveal and collect ideas from future participants

that will eventually satisfy the focus of the topic.

Chapter 2

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter presents the research design and methodology, population of

the study, data gathering tool, data gathering procedures, and treatment of data.

Research Design

This study will use the qualitative method, which is defined as research that

entails the gathering and examination of non-numerical data, such as text, video,

or audio, with the intention of comprehending concepts, perspectives, or

experiences. It can be employed to acquire comprehensive understandings of a

matter or generate novel concepts for scholarly investigation. (Bhandari, P. 2023).

As the study focuses on opportunities and challenges in promoting waste

management, it considers the ethnographical approach, which entails an effort to

define and analyze the participant's practices regarding waste management

through the process of transect walks, self-observation, and an interview or group

interview regarding the waste management practices of people in the community.

Materials and Methods

26

Research Locale

Figure 2: Map image of Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija taken from Google Maps

Figure 3: Map image of Barangay Labney taken from Google Maps

This study will be conducted in Barangay Labney, which has a total area of

555 hectares and is located in the Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. The

barangay is composed of five blocks, which are Purok 1, Purok 2, Purok 3, Purok 4, and Purok 5, which consist of approximately 1000 people.

The researcher selected Barangay Labney as the research locale as she

resides in the area and have consistently observed the challenges faced in waste

management, particularly the inability to collect waste due to improper segregation

and burning of wastes by residents. This selection allows the researcher to assess

potential solutions and constraints to promoting effective waste management

practices within the community that will imply further development of more

effective programs, drawing from analysis of existing waste management policies

in the community and its applicability to developing rural areas.

Sampling Method

Since the barangay is composed of five blocks, purposive sampling method

will be used as the researcher provide criteria for possible participants that are 18

years old and older that normally associated in managing wastes such as LGU

officials, residents, students, and farmers within the community of Barangay

Labney.

Scope and Delimitations

Scope of the study

The study comes from the municipality of Munoz, which consists of 37

barangays. The researcher focuses only on the scope of Barangay Labney, as it

has been observed that waste isn't being regularly collected because it isn't

carefully observed. The target participants, who are residing only in the area and

are 18 years old and older LGU officials, residents, students, and farmers and they

will be purposively chosen whether they are aware of what is happening in their

environment. The researcher will only limit the target participants for as long as

the saturation will achieve. This study will use ethnographical approach as the

researcher have been resided in the area that would help her on observing their

Materials and Methods

28

waste management practices. This approach intended to test the theory that will

be conducted once the study has been approved by ethics.

Limitations of the study

The study is only limited in the community of scope of Barangay Labney.

The researcher will not include those minors, those who did not allow the

researcher to get into interview and/or group interview and will not exceed within

the research locale. The potential weaknesses of the present study would be the

availability of participants and whether the researcher can impose a potential

change on promoting waste management within the area.

Research Instrument

A set of 10-15 open-ended self-made questions will be used, focusing on

learning about the opportunities and challenges of promoting waste management,

which will be validated by the expert and professor. Participants will be allowed to

state their answers freely through interviews, and group interviews based on the

availability of the target participants. The personal observation is also included

through transect walls as it is validated since the researcher resides in the

community meaning she is more familiar with the practices in handling wastes in

the community. The questions will be validated by experts in the field to yield

results aligned with the objectives of the study. A phone that would record the

information for further analysis and for documentation that will serve as proof of

those who will be interviewed, which is estimated to take at least 20–30 minutes,

depending on the flow of the discussion.

Data Gathering Procedures

The researcher will conduct an interview, write a formal letter to the

barangay captain containing the main point of the study, and humbly ask

permission to conduct her study with the set of questionnaires attached. The

researcher also informs the future participants about the study, maintains the

confidentiality of the information, and will only use it for educational purposes as

per the Data Privacy Act, also referred to as Republic Act No. 10173, which is

legislation that endeavours to safeguard any type of information, including that

which is confidential, individual, or sensitive. Its scope includes both natural and

legal entities that are engaged in the processing of personal data. The researcher

will record the ongoing interview and/or group interview for proper analysis later

on, including the process of transect walks. In addition to that, self-observation is

also included, as it is validated by the researcher as she resides in the community,

which will help her in her analysis later on regarding the waste management

practices of people in the community.

Data Analysis

The future information that will be gathered will organized according to the

same answers they provided and categorized accordingly in line with the

challenges and opportunities in waste management. As Lester et al. (2020), have

Materials and Methods

30

said, this would be helpful in the analytical method to take into account when

learning about qualitative analysis, which typically focuses on common practices

or significant factors to be taken into account when performing a thematic analysis,

as it ends by emphasizing crucial factors to be taken into account for ensuring

quality when conducting a thematic analysis. After that, a review of related

literature will be presented according to the gathered results, themes come from

the answers of respondents in the future. This means that the study will acquire

all the possible challenges and opportunities through the process of group

interview and/or interview, as it has been fit to the objective of the study as it

freely helps the participants state their ideas about waste management.

Ethical Considerations

The researcher takes into account all the ethical considerations when

conducting this research. To legally conduct her study, the researcher will ask

permission from the barangay chairman followed to the side of participants, to

attain their consent, willingness, and availability to voluntarily answer the set of

questions. All the information and data that will be gathered will remain

confidential and used for educational purposes only.

Materials and Methods

31

Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The study employs a qualitative research methodology to gather and

analyze data thematically. Data collection is conducted through interviews or group

interviews utilizing a purposive sampling method. Participants, aged 18 and above,

are selected from various categories including key informants, households,

students, and farmers in Barangay Labney. An ethnographical approach is utilized

to define and analyze waste management practices. The research instrument

comprises 10-15 self-made guide questions depending on the flow of discussions,

typically lasting 20-30 minutes.

The study aims to identify the underlying causes of waste management

challenges in rural communities, specifically focusing on Barangay Labney. It seeks

to assess the effectiveness of existing waste management policies, the knowledge

and awareness among participants from diverse backgrounds, and the principles

guiding waste management practices within the community aligned with the

research questions with the hope of seeking a reliable answer within the

community scope which eventually unveil the possible opportunities and

challenges.

The acknowledgement of opportunities and challenges in waste

management promotion will inform the public and locality of further development

needed and introduce more effective waste management programs and solutions

to further develop a valuable technique in the waste management system, as humans need it to be.

Policies and Implementation

KI1: Mayroon kami ritong ordinance na ginawa anchored sa RA 9003 at nag-conduct na rin kami ng IEC sa Bara-barangay noong 2015-2018 kasama na rito ang Eco-police at mga tickets para pwede silang manghuli pero wala namang bumabalik sa amin na tickets. [Karagdagang] Though, medyo matagal-tagal na iyon, baka yung iba ay hindi na rin matandaan, kaya ngayon ay sinasasamantala naming magbaba-barangay ulit haban bago pa ang mga nakaupo, kumbaga [ay] nandoon pa yung eagerness nila to serve para ma-kumusta rin namin yung Barangay at makausap ang mga residente. Noong nakaraang administrasyon kung hindi ako nagkakamali ay wala namang kumalapit sa amin na Barangay at ang alam ko pa ay ...

KI2: Hindi ko talaga masyadong alam iyon kasi wala naman ganyang sa amin noon [gayong] dito na ako tumanda.

KI3: Wala akong alam diyan dahil hindi [unreadable] pangalan kasi iyan [unreadable].

KI4: Paghihiwalayin ang mga basura saka bawal magsunog, ganyan. Mahirap naman ding maglagay ng parusa ngayon dahil [unreadable] at.

HP1: Wala namang [unreadable].

Materials and Methods

33

nalalaman kung mayroon [sana] wala nang nagsusunog at hindi sana nahinto ang [pagkulekta] ng basura.

HP2: Matagal na akong nakatira dito pero parang wala naman yatang batas na [pinatutupad] dito tungkol diyan dahil kung mayroon sana, susunod naman kami.

HP3: Tapat mo, linis mo. Bawal magtapon ng basura dito at paghihiwa-hiwalay ng basura. Mga simpleng guide lang ang alam ko. Wala kasi talagang pinatutupad na [guidelines] dito sa atin.

FP1: Ang alam lang naming ay bawal magsunog talaga ng mga basura pero hindi mo naman mapigilan kasi saan nga naman namin ilalagay ang mga basura sa bukid kagaya ng dayami? Diba? Wala naman kaming magawa kung hindi sunugin, [unreadable].

FP2: Sa ibang lugar ang alam ko ay [unreadable] bawal talaga ang pagsusunog sa bukid pero dito sa atin, hindi naman namin [unreadable] kung walang space.

SP1: Sa totoo lang kung hindi sa eskwelahan at mga texbooks baka wala rin akong background sa mga simpleng batas. Alam ko na bilang isang estudyante hindi pa ganoon karami [unreadable].

SP2: Tapat mo, linis mo [at] [unreadable] na may nakalagay na bawal [unreadable] ng basura, may multa, ganoon lang [unreadable] na makikita [unreadable] itong rules na pinapatupad dito.

Materials and Methods

34

[Dadgad] pa pala, may clean-up drive naman din sila siguro kasama sa programa pero base lang naman sa nakikita ko ahh [kalaanun] ay sinusunog naman din nila.

SP4: National law lang po [ang] alam ko ate, RA 9003 or Ecological Solid Waste Management [Act of 2000] pero dito po sa community natin, wala naman po akong alam na may guidelines dito tungkol sa ganyang bagay. Wala po talaga akong alam na [pinapatupad] dito ate.

The existing laws and policies in the Science City of Muñoz, particularly the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Code anchored in RA 9003 also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 are aimed at promoting proper waste management and protecting the environment. In accordance to signify the existing laws in the municipal jurisdiction, it has proposed to encourage people to participate in national law, "Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000" from RA 9003, an act providing for a solid waste management program declaring prohibited acts and providing penalties in proper segregation of wastes, collection process up to proper disposal to adhere the RA 7160 that refers to "An Act Providing for a Local Government Code of 1991" wherein, the formulation and implementation of policies shall be established by LGU's. Therefore, the administrative assistant of City Environment and Natural Resources (CENRO), Ms. Marita Gabayno has confirmed that they have been disseminating a resolution before promoting a Proper Waste Management, known as the "Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Code" implemented within the area of jurisdiction. The

Materials and Methods

35

right actions to ensure health and instill consciousness by doing proper segregation

to make the risk less within the community. However, there are significant

challenges in the implementation of these policies, there seems lack of

enforcement resulting in the absence of tangible results like issued tickets which

sugges t the measures have not been effective as residents particularly, the

household participants seem unaware of specific waste management guidelines

being implemented in their area while others acknowledge the existence of basic

rules around waste segregation and prohibitions on open burning, but not strictly

enforced, in contrast to the students who have background knowledge in policies

being implemented as they have the opportunity to education that has giving them

a wider awareness.

The prevalence of burning waste is deeply ingrained habit even the role of

local leaders in enforcing these policies is also called into question, as they are

often the ones leading the practice of burning waste. The need for educational

initiatives and community engagement is emphasized, as well as the importance

of practical learning so (Limon et al., 2020) & (Sanchez, 2023) agreed that holding

a seminar and community workshop to emphasize the negative consequences and

significant implications and the need to tackle waste management regulations

would help for effective policies execution. However, (Limon et al., 2020) argued

that even though participants have positive beliefs regarding waste management,

their practices act otherwise as they still lack knowledge, especially in leadership

Materials and Methods

36

and providing solutions to the challenges in both traditional and modern waste

management methods.

Consistency with the Constitutional laws is anticipated by leaders as the

world generates wastes 2.01 billion tons annually and 33% of it is not properly

managed which is predicted to increase by 70% for the next 30 years (World Bank,

2018) which called the role of an ordinance to collaborate with locality and

residents as (Coracero et al., 2021) emphasizes how crucial cooperation is between

parties involved and administration are to the nation's efficiency in waste

management to help them in providing guidance and control in regulating waste

segregation. (Srivastava et al., 2015) argue that waste segregation is the biggest

challenge for sustainable waste management systems, but if there is balanced

coordination among social, institutional, environmental, financial, and technical

factors needed, it might able to achieve an optimal waste management plan. The

collection and legal disposal to promote orderly among the jurisdiction of the

community with a hope to practice the usage of legal dumpsites and prevent

contributing to global warming and weakening of the ozone layer so the

minimization of pollution, proper segregation and not burning substances will also

contribute to its positivity. (Romero, 2020) argued that the major causes of

inefficient waste management systems in rural areas are because of lack of waste

infrastructure resulting in disposal difficulties in rural areas and some

administrations don't politically commit to strong legislation enforcement and to

have better waste collection services, proper implementation of information,

Materials and Methods

37

knowledge, policy, and governance. (Coracero et al., 2021) added, the controlled

composting and utilization of wastes is encouraged as supported to help the

community minimize the position effect and to prevent burning wastes in the

backyards and not leaking into the environment as the rising tends to nations'

suffering from difficulties in enforcing waste management rules. It also encourages

residents to participate and follow this legal rule as it also the reasons of hesitance

to strictly apply the regulations.

However, (the World Bank, 2022) found the usual scenario to forecast the

amount of plastic waste generated which causes problems that include, inadequate

law enforcement, incorrect waste disposal, and a shortage of sanitary landfills that

potentially pollute, endanger human health, and accelerate climate change as

(Akenji et al., 2019) recognized the need for a comprehensive assessment to

validate national and local trends for more engagement and feedback from various

sectors, stakeholders, and residents.

The provision of a Clean-up drive has been practiced by local leaders but,

they will have burned it after as (Ek, 2020) explores waste as a historical and

cultural category, challenging its stable essences and pervasive presence in

societal structures highlights the challenges of waste management in rural areas

in the Philippines because of limited access to waste management infrastructure,

inadequate waste collection and disposal systems, lack of awareness on proper

waste management practices, and limited access to resources and advanced

technologies for sustainable solutions of waste generation in to develop the focus

Materials and Methods

38

on reducing plastic consumption (Ellis, 2018). But, based on the researcher’s

observation and student participants, the cooperative action of local leaders by

doing clean-up drive as a form of encouragement which is a way of (DENR, 2019)

to get involved and instill consciousness so that people starts to make the waste-

free possible instead of burning the waste afterwards. In addition to that, public

participation, consultation, and communication in the community are needed to

ensure safety, efficiency, and sustainability in waste management practices

(Nakamura et al., 2010; Louis et al., 2022; De Vera, 2021).

Eradicating the insightful garbage in the streets, this ordinance has its aims

to govern policy by instilling prohibition and observing improper dumping of waste

must be strictly forbidden. The committed protection of CENRO to preserve the

eco-system through the integration of waste management initiatives and

minimizing pollution to avoid the possible spread of diseases which hopefully

happens if the root cause is focused on three main policy instruments: direct

regulation, economic instruments, and social instruments, and their application in

extending waste collection services and securing controlled disposal (Rodić, 2017).

However, waste is still there because of the lack of trash bins in public areas and

open spaces and undisciplined actions including separate treatment processes for

waste streams which is crucial for environmental performance monitoring (Zhang

et al., 2021).

When it comes to promoting guidelines, they tend to have an environmental

campaign way back in 2015-2018 intended to conduct seminars and Information,

Education, and Communication (IEC) regarding the importance of waste

management, intended to encourage the conduction of improving segregation and

how the implementation process occur including the dissemination of eco-police

and issuance of tickets. In contradiction, the local leaders admit that they have

never experienced the IEC under CENRO. The ordinance might sound strict, but

when it comes to enforcement, local leaders have revealed that they never

experienced punishing someone and never observed enforcers punishing possible

violators too as it might be the cause of gap between them. In addition to that,

student’s participants the citizens admitted the problem of insufficient access to

education especially older people resulted in not deeply understanding its

significance as they have struggled to transform actions into meaningful changes

of people's practices in managing wastes in community level.

The root cause of the problem usually comes from the community so the

CENRO encourages the leaders and officials to focus on the dissemination of

information and strictly implement the policies as they have limited power so they

also need assistance and cooperation in implementing rules. Though, it has been

observed that they have started to stimulate a weekly clean-up drive, but not all

residents are aware of it. The burning of wastes occurs afterwards as the local

leaders have admitted that they have limited knowledge about guidelines which

was validated by the household participants that the only information has reached

their knowledge was those given rules. On the other hand, (CENRO) have

mentioned that their office is always open for assistance to promote the proper

segregation of wastes, materials needed, and additional lectures if needed but

none of the local leaders have the political will to ask for it. She also recalled that

Barangay Labney awarded a garbage truck for the collection process, but not

any single ticket has been released and reported.

Figure 4: Signage

Figure 5: Burned wastes

The findings of this study revealed that community leaders revealed that they are not knowledgeable enough about the policies being implemented.

Barangay leaders admitted that they are not knowledgeable enough about the

national law or Municipal resolution. When the researcher asked them to

remember simple rules that regulate the community, they said they are

disseminating signage which is considered a positive move, but there are signs of

previous burnings indicating that the rule is not being followed as the figures shows

above, there are signs yet the burning marks are present whereas the SWM Code

from CENRO does not deliberately reach the focus community that is justified by

the participants which have resulted to SW mismanagement as global issue

causing environmental contamination, social inclusion, and economic

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41

sustainability, particularly in developing and transition countries (Ferronato, N., &

Torretta, V., 2019).

All waste must not be burned as the pollutant emissions might risk human

health when open dumping, open burning of waste fractions, and mismanagement

of leachate produced in final disposal sites are the main issues (Ferronato, N., &

Torretta, V., 2019) as well as the prohibition of burning rice straw and rice hulls

due to its high levels of air pollution and health issues but leaving the straw with

the farmland would pose poor fertilization properties and hindering crop

establishment if inefficiently decomposed (Oanh et al., 2015 & Van Hung et al.,

2020) so farmers confirmed that they are used to traditional agricultural practices

like this despite existing laws many farmers still burn their straw or incorporate it

into submerged soil during land preparation which negatively resulted into

environmental consequences in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (Launio et al.,

2015). A good factor is that, they knew that dayami could be used in mushroom

farming as an alternative way to reduce the burning of agricultural wastes, but

they never knew how to do their alternative suggestions. They are also willing to

to comply with the law if properly disseminated.

Knowledge and Awareness of Policies

HP1: Mainam sana kung maibabalik nga ang pangungulekta ng basura, dahil saka lang naman nagsunog ulit ang mga tao dahil maipon ang mga basura, kung hindi naman kasi namin susunugin at ipunin lang diyan, sisirin naman ng mga aso at kakalat lang din.

SP1: Kagaya nga ate ng sinabi ko po kanina, kailangan talaga ay knowledgeable enough muna 'yung mga leader natin dahil mas malaking responsabilidad ang kailangang nilang tutukan lalo na sa ganitong usapin na hindi lahat ay may kakayahang maintindihan ang [batas] pero hindi ko naman po sinasabi na knowledgeable, aware lang po. Paano na lang kung lahat tayo ay walang malasakit sa mother nature? Baka wala nang masisilayang natural resources ang mga susunod pang henerasyon. Tandaaan na rin ang kalagayan ng ating kapaligiran at ang mga hamon ng pagpapanatili ng kalikasan.

SP2: Isa po talaga sa makakakuha ng karagdagan kaalaman sa mga tao rito ay 'yung pagkakaroon ng seminar at maayos na pagpapalaganap ng mga impormasyon dahil ayun nga po ate, kung wala po akong access sa education at nakakapagdisseminate ng mga impormasyon, talagang mahihirapan tayong maunawaan ang batas at ang pagtrato sa basura.

SP2: Isa po talaga sa makakalikha ng mas maayos na pananaw tungkol sa kapaligiran ay magkakaroon ng mas maraming pag-aaral at pagsasanay para sa mga residente, lalo na sa tamang pangangalaga ng kapaligiran at wastong pamamaraan sa pagtatapon ng basura.

In the context of community awareness and environmental care, there is a clear lack of knowledge among barangay officials resulted to include residents, farmers, and those citizens who manage household waste. They attribute this lack of understanding to limited educational opportunities, but they recognize that burning of waste harms the environment and health, their grasp of related laws

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43

and policies is still basic resulting in the prevalent issue of improper waste disposal,

often resulting in burning of wastes, rice stalks, rice straws, and plastics due to a

lack of enforcement and the absence of waste collection process because of

improper sorting of wastes. Despite reminders and rules prohibiting burning, still,

compliance and dissemination of information and implementation of the law are

still lacking even when the penalties and prohibitions exist.

On the other hand, students rely mainly on schools, textbooks, and reading

materials for environmental knowledge so they understand that this awareness

benefits the environment and humans as justified by (Molina & Catan, 2021) that

students have a high level of awareness with a positive attitude on environmental

concerns especially in waste management issues connecting to human wellness

and health which contradicts by (Owojori et al., 2022) as somehow the student's

knowledge is not adequate but the willingness to cooperate to environmental

activities to improve recycling projects has potential positive impacts they willing to

engaged which also emphasize by the participants the need to be more cautious.

Perceive by the students that the current level of education on waste

management in schools still is not sufficient for them to drive community-wide

compliance as they are also sometimes struggling to be responsibly doing it all the

time so it suggests that environmental education should be learned in college

courses or the general curriculum, invest in sustainable strategies to increase their

knowledge and awareness to policies and should be organizing seminars and

programs about environmental conservation (Barloa et al., 2016) but the

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44

contradiction remains as the challenges faced on Filipino elders is the lack of

knowledge which may be a significant factor why still not everyone understands

them which Ms. Gabyno stated that this issue further compounded by the use of

technical terms that may not be easily understood by everyone, particularly those

who have not had the opportunity to pursue formal education.

In addition to that, Ms. Gabayno admitted that they find difficulty in

teaching older people the right way of handling waste and proper disposal as some

individuals learned the habit of waste burning from their grandparents which

historical precedent set by previous generations which is also admitted and

validated by the community leaders.

Clean-up drives are common practice for leaders, but broader community

awareness initiatives are limited so educational materials like school textbooks

serve as primary sources of knowledge on waste management and practical

application in the community remains a challenge. The efforts to promote waste

segregation and management are erratic, with a reliance on outdated practices

like burning due to a lack of collection services. Enhancing education and

community engagement are crucial to fostering lasting change in waste

management behaviors as well as deeper understanding and continued awareness

activities are necessary to instill responsible waste practices as observed from

participant accounts, are not well-informed about policies regarding burning rice

straw during land preparation but, they acknowledge the prohibition, but continue

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45

due to its benefits as fertilizer and the absence of alternative techniques. The lack

of seminars and lectures on the topic exacerbates this behavior.

This situation emphasizes the importance of educational efforts that help

people understand how to apply environmental knowledge in real life. By offering

practical learning experiences, involving the community, and improving

educational content, we can empower individuals from different backgrounds to

develop a better understanding of environmental issues and regulations. These

initiatives can foster a sense of responsibility towards the environment and prepare

future generations to protect our natural resources.

Responsibility of Compliance

CENRO shall assist in terms of technological and operational concerns in

handling waste generation, collection, and disposal. Managing the rehabilitation

and maintaining the controlled dump site, spearheading the implementation of

recycling programs while regularly inspecting all routes specifically to Barangay

Labney. Observing cleanliness of all main roads and major canals, creeks, irrigation

water systems or any kind of water bodies. However, the absence of regular

inspection of wastes are confirmed and participants added that they will only

observe inspection when the political election will come.

The inclusion of regular repair and maintenance with all equipment and the

construction of Material Recovery Facility (MRF) personnel must be taken

accountable action in thorough segregation of wastes (Vinti & Vaccari, 2022)

acknowledges that the waste generation in rural areas is low but environmental

injustices are continuously occurring that may lead to pollution and so supporting

environmental programs are crucial. Biodegradable shall be put in covered cans

while the Non-biodegradable are placed in sacks, trash bags, or boxes. All actions

adheres by addressing violations and fines for a first offense, 200 pesos; second

offense, 500 pesos and for a third offense, 1000 pesos. In residential areas,

segregation wastes must be stored properly before the collection process and shall

be brought to the MRF if possible which is not present in the focus community while

the Purok leaders shall have a designated area to oversee the collection process and

responsibly coordinate with the garbage collector to address to the improper

dumping or unsegregated wastes and not confirmed into burning wastes. As much

as possible, they are encouraging individuals to avoid using plastic as well.

The specific safety devices system including the exact date and time shall

be announced within the vicinity of the residence and the resident's concerns must

ensure that the wastes are brought in front of their gates/doors to be easily

gathered during the collection period. Street wastes shall be assessed by the

leaders and they should be the first ones who have been engaging in this action

and not the ones to proceed its contradiction. The operations and guidelines must

be installed and strictly follow the order as well by imposing it to the community

with the presence of continuous coordination to stakeholders must be a sequential

method to attend the implementation measures. Due to continuous unsegregated

wastes, the collection process has been temporarily stopped hoping to use it as a

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way of encouraging people to involve in the actual operation of the program.

However, the effects are habitual practices of burning.

Conduction of seminars, lectures and flyers or brochures for guidelines and

educational materials to all stakeholders shall be imposed to enhance need their

knowledge with this matter first before they have promoted it to people because

they have the responsibility in providing responsible approach and advertising

campaign in maintaining the ordinance and practices. Cultural and behavioral

factors pose challenges in rural areas to hinder the implementation of the law at

the barangay level resulting in less extent of compliance with almost all of the

SWM policies especially the lack of public information and inconsistent process of

waste collection, enforcement penalties, and fines are lowly practiced so it

suggests to have a better punctual measures to ensure final sorting accordingly to

encourage more participation (Camarillo & Bellotindos, 2021) which is agreed by

(Zhang et al., 2021) to address the traditional practices and attitudes for

sustainable waste management to avoid possible failure in implementing laws

(Aparcana, 2017).

Based on the ordinance, the fines will be issued to individuals who violate

the operation and maintenance with a fine of not less than 500 pesos or

imprisonment of not less than 1-10 days of both discretions from the court. While,

habitual violators who willfully violate any provisions such as littering in the streets,

sidewalks, and public spaces, urinating, defecating or spitting in public spaces,

vandalism, failure to maintain the cleanliness of premises shall be issued a citation

ticket, requiring the potential violator to appear in CENRO within 72-hours and

shall be put within the process of conviction afterward with a fine of not less than

2,500 pesos but not more than 5,000 or not less than 15 days of imprisonment.

Failure or any negligence on their part shall be dealt with applicable fines and

penalties if there are notices of violation to those people who are not complying.

Upon checking with the data gathered, no one has been punished regarding waste

problems which have been doubtful that there’s no violators within the community

bound. However, participants confirmed that they haven't observed any person

who has been punished for violating this law even though almost all of their

neighbors and farmers are burning their waste.

The law enforcer including Barangay leaders has been directed to assist in

the implementation and enforcement of the provisions with their respective duties

shall help the area. No other designated places of legal dumping area except the

approved designated area unless it is under the provisions of City rules and

regulations. Any form of inconsistency in performing responsibility will be repealed.

Any public law enforcer who willfully neglects to perform responsibility and

implementation of the ordinance shall be penalized; First offense, written

explanation within 48 hours after notice; second offense, suspension of not less

than 15 days but not more than one (1) month without pay upon conviction; third

offenses, filing of administrative case.